The Asymmetric Risk Profile: Preparing for the Hedge Fund Interview

Hedge fund interview questions typically are trying to uncover how you think as an investor. One of the best ways to demonstrate your knowledge is to highlight that you look for investments that offer the greatest odds of success – investments with an asymmetric risk profile. This strategy was invented by Graham and Dodd and made famous by none other than Warren Buffett. Often, without even thinking we employ this strategy in our every day lives. We are constantly making decisions that minimize risk and maximize our probability of success. Choices related to education are great examples of seeking an asymmetric risk profile.

Having had the good fortune to take the unusual path of corporate strategy to a hedge fund and the opportunity to sit on both sides of the interview table at both my corporate job and my current fund at such a young age I feel that I have a rather unique perspective on the interview process and what makes a candidate successful.

My experiences have led me to believe that the most successful candidates in interviews for any industry or position actively seek to create an asymmetric risk profile for themselves. While many of the specific points I will make are going to be geared towards interviews in the HF industry they are easily applied to general interviewing.

The All Risk – No Reward Questions

Tell me about yourself? Walk me through your resume?

Your answer to this question should flow nicely, but not sound rehearsed. I have had people tell me a proper answer lasts no longer than forty-five seconds and others tell me no shorter than three minutes and preferably five whole minutes. Personally, I try to keep my answer around one minute in order to further minimize my risk. Your story should lead the interviewer to think that based on your previous experiences it is logical for you to apply for that position and him/her to be interviewing you for the position.

Specifically, for a HF interview you want the interviewer to know you have the ability to break down and evaluate businesses, know your way around financial statements and have the reasonable assumption that you can handle the pressure of putting large sums of money behind your ideas.

Why investment management? Why Hedge funds?

I cannot overstate the importance of your answer to this question. The interviewer, ideally, should not have a doubt that you want to be in investment management for the long haul. You should come across as mature, steadfast in your decision and appear as though you have thoroughly researched all your options and come to the decision that IM is for you.

The answer to this question is very personal and if you can’t come up with a sufficient answer pretty easily than, honestly, this job is probably not for you. I will say, however, that this is a great opportunity to let your interviewer know that your personality lends itself favorably to being successful in the capital markets. Humble people who are competitive, inquisitive/perpetually seeking to learn, and intellectually honest often do well in this business.

Technical Questions

It is important that you are able to answer any technical questions you are asked well. In my experience, the level/amount of technical questions you are asked is directly correlated with what you project on your resume. Obviously, this is used as a BS detector in many situations. As a hypothetical example-- if you say on your resume that you can build an lbo model with both eyes closed and one hand tied behind your back be prepared to be asked to do it during an interview.

Because the amount of technical questions can vary wildly by fund and because they have already been discussed quite a bit on the site I’m not going to list many actual technical questions. However, there is one question that you will almost certainly get that I feel needs to be discussed:

If you could only be provided on piece of information (read: metric) about a company before making an investment-decision what would it be?

The answer to this question at my fund, and consequently any other fundamental L/S fund I am aware of is Return on Invested Capital [ROIC]. We will also accept Normalized Free Cash Flow Yield.

ROIC is the return a company earns on each dollar invested in the business. Therefore, obviously, the greater ROIC is the better. ROIC is used as a quantitative measure of competitive advantage and, as such, if you are going to make an investment decision based on a single factor it would serve you well to choose the business with the greatest competitive advantage.

I call these questions the “All risk – No Reward Questions” because, simply put, answering them well will not earn you an offer, but answering them poorly can very well get you dinged quickly. Therefore, it is important that you prepare judiciously for these types of questions, but do not expect even amazing answers to earn you an offer.

High Risk – High Reward Questions

The Pitch

The stock pitch is always a staple of the HF interview and you should prepare accordingly. I come prepared with one long idea and one short idea as I think being able to demonstrate that you understand the nuances of shorting is a great way to differentiate yourself from other candidates. If you are interviewing for a specific sector/industry I suggest that you pick a business from that industry to pitch. Yes, your interviewer will likely know more about the industry and/or company, but as long you stick to stating this you know and not trying to BS your way through you should be more than OK. I use a pitch structure similar to what WhiteHat outlined here , but I will discuss it quickly:

1) Industry: Why is the industry attractive? [I suggest using a quantitative metric to show you did your homework here, such as, “ABC Industry has the ability to grow xyz% in the next 3-5 years. This is also a good place to highlight changing competitive dynamics, etc.]
2) Company: Why is the company attractive? [I suggest something like, “The business has sales of $30 in a $3000 industry representing a 3% market share despite being recognized as the product leader and having an exceptional management team.”]
3) Catalyst: Why is the market wrong and how will the market realize the intrinsic value of the business? [This is the most important part of the pitch. I usually begin, “ABC is currently valued at 10x [insert multiple], but is being unfairly discounted because of the incompetency of the prior management team. Since the current management team has taken over [insert metric] has improved XYZ. As of right now the market has not recognized the improvement in XYZ or the overall business, but I expect that [insert catalyst] will demonstrate ABC’s true value to the market within [insert time frame].”
4) Valuation: What is the intrinsic value of the business? [I suggest saying something like, “If my assumptions [discuss them here] about the effect of [insert catalyst] prove true than the market will realize ABC’s intrinsic value of [insert valuation].” You can then speak about contingency valuations, etc.]

I try to keep my pitches as short as possible and as high-level as possible. This allows me to minimize the chances of putting my foot in my mouth and allows the interviewer the chance to ask more in-depth questions where he/she feels necessary. You do need to be prepared to answer in-depth questions about anything pertaining to your pitch – the industry, competitors, the company, etc.

If at some point you are asked a question about a company/industry that you do not know the answer to DO NOT try to BS an answer. It is acceptable to say, “I do not know, but I will find out and follow up with you.” or “I am unsure, but my first thought would be [insert educated guess].” There is an old saying in the industry that, “You have to know what you don’t know.” Knowing what you don’t know is almost a badge of honor and acting like you know everything is certainly not.

Knowing what you don’t know is the key to doing well with the High Risk – High Reward Questions. Like I said in my networking post the key to being successful in breaking in to the buy side is demonstrating a higher level of thinking and being willing to admit what you don’t know goes a long way to demonstrate higher level thinking to interviewers.

This post suddenly became incredibly long so I will move a couple topics to my next write-up. As always – questions, comments and dissenting opinions are not only welcomed, but are encouraged.

 
Best Response

Yes, in my experience the HF recruiting process is much less structured than PE. I think this is mainly because the HF business model is scalable in that a dramatic increase in head count is not necessary even as AUM increases exponentially and because there generally is not a defined two years and out structure or mentality at the junior level like there is in PE.

Unfortunately, I cannot offer much insight in to recruiters as I did not use one in my transition. I wish I had and it would have likely made my transition quite a bit easier, however, my corporate background and non-target undergrad institution was not conducive to getting the attention of recruiters.

My transition was rather bland even though the recruiting process at my fund took the better part of a year. My corporate job was located in the South and while I was applying to funds located in the usual suspects (NY, Bos, Chi, SF) I came across a smaller and less established fund in my current city. Luckily, they had a job posting listed on their website and I submitted my resume and cover letter and received an interview invitation a few weeks later. I had, I think, four interviews total meeting with the entire investment team multiple times. Interestingly enough, I was never asked to complete a case study or modeling test despite my non-traditional background. I think part of this had to do with the fact I was lucky enough to make a good impression on the founder in my first interview. Our simple first round interview ended up being a conversation lasting ~2 hours. Another thing that most likely helped was that I was lucky enough to have the opportunity to manage money for a few small businesses beginning my sophomore year of undergrad. The amount of money I managed was enough that I did not look dumb putting it on my resume and the insights I learned about investing and specific companies allowed me to speak intelligently to interviewers about the market/businesses.

[quote=patternfinder]Of course, I would just buy in scales. [/quote] See my WSO Blog | my AMA
 
Simple As...:

My title is Research Analyst and my fund currently manages <$1bn, however, it is enough that we don't have a problem getting the attention of SS analysts and management teams. I'm not going to comment on comp, but if you look at Don'tMakeMeShortYou's AMAs the range he gives is pretty accurate in my estimation.

curious what's the point of critical mass that people don't discount you? People defined as SS analysts/management teams/other potential funds if your fund blows up. $500MM or so?
 
Simple As...:

If you could only be provided on piece of information (read: metric) about a company before making an investment-decision what would it be?

The answer to this question at my fund, and consequently any other fundamental L/S fund I am aware of is Return on Invested Capital ROIC. We will also accept Normalized Free Cash Flow Yield.

ROIC is the return a company earns on each dollar invested in the business. Therefore, obviously, the greater ROIC is the better. ROIC is used as a quantitative measure of competitive advantage and, as such, if you are going to make an investment decision based on a single factor it would serve you well to choose the business with the greatest competitive advantage.

Every L/S fund does not think ROIC is the most important metric for making an investment decision lol, and the fact that your team is looking for a specific answer instead of the justification/thought process is pretty hilarious.

I do like your general approach to interviewing through the lens of an asymmetric risk-reward perspective. Although "No Risk" implies "No Return", which is not true for various questions mentioned. A solid answer to "Why Investment Management" for example would get some points in my book. If two candidates stock pitches are similar quality but one was really passionate about describing why he wants to do investment management (really convincing in his interest in markets and companies, talking enthusiastically about his PA, etc) and the other candidate just gives a generic answer that minimizes his risk but doesn't wow anybody, I'm pretty sure the first guy is getting the job.

 

I think you are reading -- unnecessarily -- too much in to my statements. If I clarify what I was saying I think you'll see that we largely agree.

Going Concern:
Every L/S fund does not think ROIC is the most important metric for making an investment decision lol, and the fact that your team is looking for a specific answer instead of the justification/thought process is pretty hilarious.

No where did I say that every L/S fund thinks ROIC is the most important metric for making an investment decision nor did I even say that my fund thinks that ROIC is the most important metric for making an investment decision. My exact words were:

Simple As...:
If you could only be provided on piece of information (read: metric) about a company before making an investment-decision what would it be?

The answer to this question at my fund, and consequently any other fundamental L/S fund I am aware of is Return on Invested Capital ROIC. We will also accept Normalized Free Cash Flow Yield.

There is a distinct difference between saying EVERY L/S fund and every L/S fund THAT I KNOW OF -- Again, huge difference. Even further, I stated that ROIC is the answer to a very hypothetical question. That is a far cry from stating that it is the most important metric in making an investment decision. Your assertion is even more ridiculous because any thoughtful person with even the smallest amount of investing experience would know that it is ludicrous to even think about making an investment decision based on a single metric. I would argue that knowing what a person would want to know if he/she could only know one thing about a business offers a great deal of insight in to his/her thought process. As a value-oriented fund businesses with a durable competitive advantage are a pretty big deal to us and I would imagine that most fundamental investors at the very least view competitive advantage favorably. Of course, special situations and the like are a whole different animal. It is one question designed to get a small look in to the way a person looks at businesses and investing. Please don't make it more than it is.
Going Concern:
Although "No Risk" implies "No Return", which is not true.
Literally no where did I say anything about "No Risk". In fact, I classified both groups of questions as highly risky.
Going Concern:
A solid answer to "Why Investment Management" for example would get some points in my book. If two candidates stock pitches are similar quality but one was really passionate about describing why he wants to do investment management (really showing his interest in markets and companies, talking about his PA, etc) and the other candidate just gives a generic answer that minimizes his risk but doesn't wow anybody, I'm pretty sure the first guy is getting the job.
I agree with your statement, but I think I did not get my point across clearly. I specifically said that I cannot overstate the importance of the question, but that even an excellent answer is unlikely to earn you an offer. Even further, the whole premise of this post and my previous networking post is that thinking at a higher level is tremendously important and that canned questions/answers should be avoided at all costs.
[quote=patternfinder]Of course, I would just buy in scales. [/quote] See my WSO Blog | my AMA
 
Simple As...:

I think you are reading -- unnecessarily -- too much in to my statements. If I clarify what I was saying I think you'll see that we largely agree.

Going Concern:

Every L/S fund does not think ROIC is the most important metric for making an investment decision lol, and the fact that your team is looking for a specific answer instead of the justification/thought process is pretty hilarious.

No where did I say that every L/S fund thinks ROIC is the most important metric for making an investment decision nor did I even say that my fund thinks that ROIC is the most important metric for making an investment decision. My exact words were:

Simple As...:

If you could only be provided on piece of information (read: metric) about a company before making an investment-decision what would it be?

The answer to this question at my fund, and consequently any other fundamental L/S fund I am aware of is Return on Invested Capital ROIC. We will also accept Normalized Free Cash Flow Yield.

There is a distinct difference between saying EVERY L/S fund and every L/S fund THAT I KNOW OF -- Again, huge difference.

Even further, I stated that ROIC is the answer to a very hypothetical question. That is a far cry from stating that it is the most important metric in making an investment decision. Your assertion is even more ridiculous because any thoughtful person with even the smallest amount of investing experience would know that it is ludicrous to even think about making an investment decision based on a single metric.

I would argue that knowing what a person would want to know if he/she could only know one thing about a business offers a great deal of insight in to his/her thought process. As a value-oriented fund businesses with a durable competitive advantage are a pretty big deal to us and I would imagine that most fundamental investors at the very least view competitive advantage favorably. Of course, special situations and the like are a whole different animal.

It is one question designed to get a small look in to the way a person looks at businesses and investing. Please don't make it more than it is.

Haha wow. From your vitriol-filled essay it's unfortunately all too clear that your ability to take criticism gracefully is subpar. One of the traits that distinguishes people who are very persuasive is the ability to take the worst criticism flung at them in stride and address it smoothly without losing composure. You were clearly pretty riled up and insulted by my comment, which to be honest was pretty mild, versus the criticism that one will inevitably experience in high finance.

And as a side note, nobody cares what your fund does specifically, given this is an anonymous forum.

 

Even though I enjoyed having my thoughts challenged by Going Concern last night I would like to stand by my comments concerning ROIC to ensure that only the highest quality content is on WSO. I do not do these posts to massage my own ego, but to give back to a community that has helped me a great deal in the past several years.

Please note the eighth comment on the thread below by WhiteHat [a respected Certified User]:

//www.wallstreetoasis.com/blog/whs-interview-stock-pitch-checklist

[quote=patternfinder]Of course, I would just buy in scales. [/quote] See my WSO Blog | my AMA
 
Simple As...:

Even though I enjoyed having my thoughts challenged by Going Concern last night I would like to stand by my comments concerning ROIC to ensure that only the highest quality content is on WSO. I do not do these posts to massage my own ego, but to give back to a community that has helped me a great deal in the past several years.

Please note the eighth comment on the thread below by WhiteHat [a respected Certified User]:

//www.wallstreetoasis.com/blog/whs-interview-...

Simple As...:
If you could only be provided on piece of information (read: metric) about a company before making an investment-decision what would it be?

The answer to this question at my fund, and consequently any other fundamental L/S fund I am aware of is Return on Invested Capital ROIC.

WhiteHat:
By the way, unrelated to this post but if an interviewer asks you the "if you could have just one piece of information about a company to tell if it's a good business or not, what would it be?" ...the answer is Return on Invested Capital. Your welcome.

The comment you're referring to by WhiteHat (who by the way lost a lot of respect after his Tesla debacle) says that ROIC is useful to identify a "good business". I agree with that. However, the question you posed in the OP was around an investment decision. From that context, being a good business doesn't mean much. There are tons of good businesses. Large blue-chip companies that just print money...but that could all priced into the multiples they're trading at. I'm assuming the goal is to make money, in which case it doesn't really matter if the business is currently good or not, what matters is what you think is going to happen with the business vs what the market thinks, assuming of course that it's a going concern...

 

GoingConcern is being a little bit of a dick, but unfortunately, I think he is basically correct. Free cash flow yield would be a better one point metric, because it incorporates both earning power and price paid for this earning power. ROIC only tells you the health of the business, not if it's worth paying for.

Nonetheless, I enjoyed your post and many of your other posts.

 
DickFuld:

GoingConcern is being a little bit of a dick, but unfortunately, I think he is basically correct. Free cash flow yield would be a better one point metric, because it incorporates both earning power and price paid for this earning power. ROIC only tells you the health of the business, not if it's worth paying for.

Nonetheless, I enjoyed your post and many of your other posts.

I see what you're saying, but even with FCF Yield (if that's the only thing you're looking at) you can't make an informed investment decision because you have nothing to compare it to. I think the basic point of this should just be that ROIC is a very important metric for a lot of funds to use. I don't really think there is any single metric that can inform on an investment decision even on a basic level (maybe like MVA or DCF/share or something? But those are so assumption heavy that you can't really just look at the output).

OP, some of the companies I was referencing earlier include FLR, JEC, KBR, etc. I'm having a difficult time valuing them (I have an E&C focused ER interview coming up) because the business model is such that there's a ton of blackbox-like projects that sometimes have serious cost overruns or legal costs. Anybody have anymore input on this?

 

Clarification: ROIC is the amount the company paid for the earning power, in other words, how efficient is the management at doing their job. If a company had a huge ROIC, but had an enormous multiple, it might not be worth buying anyway, even though the management is doing a good job or they have some sustainable competitive advantage. My decision is whether i want to invest at the market price. Anyway, I'm done derailing your thread, because this isn't even your main point and everyone agrees that one metric is not a realistic way to make investments....it's just an interview question.

Thanks.

 

I think one take away here is that there is no 1 holy grail.... ROIC, FCF Yield, whatever. And I assume it is not only at the company level but also with regards to the PM's preference.

If large AUM buyside players were to apply identical methodologies then the mkt would be very "efficiently" priced (in the academic sense) and extracting alpha would be futile

 

Agreed. But, some are still better than others. The question asked was,

"If you could only be provided on piece of information (read: metric) about a company before making an investment-decision what would it be?"

In re-reading this, OP's metric might be pretty good. Alternately, I could say FCF yield multiple to peers, to incorporate a comparison to similar companies. However, this incorporates information about the company and competitors, but the question only asks about what one piece of information you would like to know about a company before making a decision. The price of the stock is not information about the company, but information about the stock.

In light of this, I might ask about the name of the company. That is within the boundaries of the question and I might know if it's a good investment just based on that one piece of information about the company.

 

LOL Going Concern is being unnecessarily toolish.

OP is right in this context, the RISK FREE/ TEXTBOOK answer is ROIC. It will not get you dinged, and that's the point of the post.

Obviously, in real life you wouldn't make a decision knowing just ROIC, because no single data point (or 5) can even come close to describing what you need to understand to make a buy/sell decision in a company. At the very least you'd need time series or ROIC, Revenue Growth, and some metric that involves valuation (FCF yield is the best general one but the best specific one is highly dependent on company time).

The OP is teaching you how to pass the test (interview), not how to invest (that would take more work).

 

My favorite part of this entire thread is how Going Concern avoids Simple's questions but still drops by to throw monkey shit at every single post that speaks negatively about him.

Under my tutelage, you will grow from boys to men. From men into gladiators. And from gladiators into SWANSONS.
 

There's really nothing useful about this thread and it should be deleted, in my view. Nevertheless, I shall contribute:

To be totally and absolutely clear, ROIC is not a bad answer (necessarily) to this question, but it's arguably not a good answer, and it is certainly not the only/best answer. Folks here that have taken econ 101 might argue that companies earning high ROIC are often just over earning, and that competition will eat away returns and thus trailing earnings may be inflated. Conversely, a low ROIC company could be underearning for one reason or another, and poised to experience growth in profitability. Additionally, high ROIC companies may not have reinvestment opportunities in their core business, and so will not compound earnings growth. It is really a myth that high ROIC companies are necessarily, or even frequently, great businesses/investments (that is to say, most high ROIC are not endlessly growing franchise businesses like coke, see's candy, etc)

I will never have to interview again, but if I did and got this question, I would probably ask for estimated unlevered FCF yield in 3 years or 5 years. If the company is trading at 3x forward unlevered FCF, it's probably a good buy. If it's trading at 50x forward unlevered FCF, it probably isn't.

 
RLC1:
Folks here that have taken econ 101 might argue that companies earning high ROIC are often just over earning, and that competition will eat away returns and thus trailing earnings may be inflated. Conversely, a low ROIC company could be underearning for one reason or another, and poised to experience growth in profitability. Additionally, high ROIC companies may not have reinvestment opportunities in their core business, and so will not compound earnings growth. It is really a myth that high ROIC companies are necessarily, or even frequently, great businesses/investments (that is to say, most high ROIC are not endlessly growing franchise businesses like coke, see's candy, etc)

Fair points.

 

What in your opinion makes this thread worthless? Obviously you think there is some misinformation so please share.

You make a good point except by the terms of the question you don't know what multiple at which it is currently trading. Interviewing 101 says to answer the question at hand, since you're implying that either are retired or run your own shop of some kind I would guess that you understand that.

Edit:

Did you get FCF yield for year five when you did your DCF lol?

[quote=patternfinder]Of course, I would just buy in scales. [/quote] See my WSO Blog | my AMA
 

Because unlevered normalizes for capital structure. Investing is not necessarily about return, but about return per unit of risk -- and in many cases a higher return is not necessarily a better return. For example, a company with a 30% - 40% levered fcf yield might simply have 8x of debt above 1x of equity, which probably pencils out to a mid-single digit unlevered FCF yield. If the interviewer tells you the company is trading at a 10%+ unlevered fcf yield, you can compare that on an absolute basis to the S&P500 unlevered yield (sub-5% last time I took a swag at calculating it) and argue that all else being equal, the stock is interesting/worth digging into. If the 10% unlevered yield doesn't equate to a more attractive levered yield (Again, all else being equal), it just means that the company is suboptimally capitalized, which is a solvable problem

 

Great post. Sorry for hating on the last one on networking - this shaping up to be a great series.

I'd go with FCF yield over ROIC because 1) ROIC does not address growth issues (organic vs. inorganic and sustainable or not) and 2) Valuation.

In real-life, especially in this environment, you see a lot more good long ideas based on strong projected cash generation and thus attractive yields. Whereas high-ROIC companies have probably been that way for a while and thus likely carry a premium multiple or have limited growth opportunities.

As far as giving the low-risk answer, arguably you would want to screen out exactly the sort of person who gives the consensus answer instead of trying to get to the right answer.

 

Thanks for the kind words. No problem, I have no problem being called out when someone thinks my ideas are sub-par. The networking post was admittedly a little weak, it's a hard subject to tackle, I think.

Great points. I never meant to discount FCF yield as I think it is a great answer. Admittedly, I am partial to ROIC because I personally don't mind paying a higher multiple for a good business with an excellent management team.

Edit:

Generally, we use it as a BS detector and/or a way to see how well a person prepared for the interview basically because it is such a hypothetical question. For instance, if you answer with P/E multiple than you either have no idea what you're talking about or weren't really prepared for the interview. In truth, it is not really that important of a question, but it can -- and often does -- give a little insight in to how the person thinks about businesses and investing in general.

[quote=patternfinder]Of course, I would just buy in scales. [/quote] See my WSO Blog | my AMA
 
Simple As...:
Admittedly, I am partial to ROIC because I personally don't mind paying a higher multiple for a good business with an excellent management team.

You mean my whole fallacy is wrong ? I guess value investing is as Simple As...buy high and keep fingers crossed. Take that Graham and Dodd. Take that Seth Klarman. Pew pew.

 
Simple As...:

The answer to this question at my fund, and consequently any other fundamental L/S fund I am aware of is Return on Invested Capital ROIC. We will also accept Normalized Free Cash Flow Yield.

ROIC is the return a company earns on each dollar invested in the business. Therefore, obviously, the greater ROIC is the better. ROIC is used as a quantitative measure of competitive advantage and, as such, if you are going to make an investment decision based on a single factor it would serve you well to choose the business with the greatest competitive advantage.

Retracting my comment after reading the granny fight which ensued above me. We're all too competitive to let things slide on this site.
"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 
Simple As...:

Retracting what comment?

You know what you say something, then retract it (take away, withdraw, cancel)....that.

There was once a comment on your comment, which I withdrew, ya know, took away, erased, wiped off WSO etc....

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

What I've always wondered is that, what if the company doesn't have a catalyst but is basically a value play. I'm looking at a company right now that doesn't have a catalyst but has been drifting downward for the past few years to an absurd valuation. Can I just flat out say that "There's no catalyst but with everything backing this up, you don't really need one." or something to that effect?

 

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[quote=patternfinder]Of course, I would just buy in scales. [/quote] See my WSO Blog | my AMA
 

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kanon
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GameTheory
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success
From 10 rejections to 1 dream investment banking internship

“... I believe it was the single biggest reason why I ended up with an offer...”