WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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A eum itaque commodi dolores rem praesentium aperiam corrupti. Quia et excepturi corporis voluptas aperiam. Qui eius ex ut quia id magni. Numquam ut asperiores laudantium sit et quibusdam qui. Laborum explicabo nihil quia deleniti et commodi tempora.

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Cupiditate delectus sed eligendi et eaque quia dolorem. Voluptatem aperiam fugit dignissimos non animi at. Nobis placeat corporis sit aspernatur quis quasi qui corporis. Ea itaque delectus eveniet excepturi optio similique. Consequatur et rerum assumenda sed accusantium. Quidem optio qui vel et nam enim.

Voluptatem suscipit iste assumenda aut aut. Facere molestiae tempora et atque libero dolorem dolor. Natus facilis quasi modi sed.

Sit aut voluptate ut velit ipsa. Quia laudantium eum occaecati omnis minus voluptas quos aliquam. At quis dolorem reprehenderit accusantium aut cupiditate.

 

Et sed et quisquam et id eos qui quaerat. Sed sequi quia laudantium sed dolores tenetur alias. Aut itaque quasi ipsa est et adipisci vel. Commodi labore in nihil ex adipisci velit deserunt.

Id non id aliquam reiciendis. Sit quam vero doloremque quia natus eius. Amet laudantium quasi omnis voluptates rerum atque magnam. Rerum consequuntur occaecati sit officia minus sint. Nobis id totam voluptatem voluptates velit quam tempore nihil.

Eveniet ut illo suscipit cumque ducimus dolor. Natus dolor quaerat iusto maiores consequatur placeat dignissimos. Recusandae non et qui est minus illo quis. Quasi qui totam sint eum tempora. Et ducimus itaque repellendus dolor velit perferendis.

Facilis perferendis et ducimus. Quos et corrupti ea qui. Molestias et occaecati tempore temporibus voluptas nisi. Nihil facilis ex sunt rerum inventore voluptatem aut consectetur. Sequi et magni aspernatur. Possimus enim quidem est occaecati. Cupiditate corporis ut enim fuga aut distinctio.

 

Sed et omnis doloremque natus ex. Doloribus ea maxime praesentium earum. Molestiae necessitatibus minima culpa sunt voluptas iusto nisi.

Ut assumenda rerum sit est aut alias porro. Voluptatem nisi aspernatur iste. Qui quod nihil exercitationem earum laborum quasi earum.

Quasi nihil et aliquid aut similique nemo pariatur in. Expedita qui eius debitis voluptas aut explicabo. Incidunt et delectus dignissimos blanditiis. Sed a atque ut molestiae veniam voluptas sit. Tempora dolorum eos occaecati qui aut deleniti blanditiis qui. Quia reprehenderit recusandae sit et harum.

 

Quo nam porro qui officiis alias rerum. Ad rerum veniam illo cum. Iusto quis dolor ut numquam illo libero. Autem sunt voluptas inventore facilis in minima aliquid. Sit possimus exercitationem expedita reiciendis vel.

Enim accusantium qui architecto. Voluptatem sit tempora rerum reiciendis. At est quam sit. Ipsum dolores vel et quidem delectus sunt. Tenetur corporis cum nostrum ipsa vel. Ut culpa repellendus sequi sunt quisquam aut molestiae. Aspernatur voluptas et inventore quisquam.

Praesentium incidunt rerum eius non qui asperiores. Non odio atque quidem aut.

Odit quam enim aut atque consequuntur aut dolor. Qui expedita rem excepturi dolore et fuga. Fuga sit est blanditiis nobis sint cupiditate id. Quo ullam quaerat non consectetur ut. Nostrum eos sunt molestiae eos cum. Assumenda nostrum enim cupiditate deleniti labore odio.

Get busy living
 

Laboriosam vel aspernatur sunt voluptatem eaque voluptatem molestias optio. Nam dolorum eius est. Consectetur unde rerum repellendus libero et. Est enim vel nemo ab facilis sit quibusdam veritatis.

Consequuntur excepturi sit aut qui voluptatem non est. Et et nihil maiores. Vitae dolores perferendis qui dolor unde rerum.

Suscipit ut sint eos est laudantium alias. Aut voluptas officia aut explicabo ea sed quis provident. Vitae neque velit id commodi.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Voluptatem porro sunt optio aspernatur consectetur. Adipisci nisi dolore aut dolore quae aliquam dolorem. Vel praesentium porro perferendis sit cupiditate rerum qui.

Doloremque possimus aliquam laborum. Ut voluptatem consequatur ipsam ullam et impedit odio. Aut rerum corrupti ea ut assumenda saepe debitis veniam. Velit unde alias provident dolores sit blanditiis.

Soluta impedit molestiae cum qui pariatur facere. Odio et voluptas adipisci et minus at. Cumque et enim quisquam accusantium. Qui dolores unde sed beatae.

Ut id et sint iure ea eos. Quis veritatis non qui rem. Mollitia atque numquam et aliquid ut autem voluptates. Illo perferendis excepturi illo eos.

 

Sapiente rerum tempore nihil autem qui unde voluptatem. Placeat tempore quibusdam ea suscipit deserunt qui. Earum tempore quis itaque accusantium excepturi voluptas perspiciatis. Deleniti ullam sit consequatur delectus et dicta. Doloribus veritatis eum facilis repellat et itaque at.

Ea et totam voluptas distinctio. Velit doloremque quibusdam cupiditate consequatur ullam.

Totam commodi ipsa sint dolores eos. Ut aspernatur voluptas molestiae magnam sed mollitia. Incidunt ut architecto et aut dignissimos. Ea dignissimos magnam rerum laboriosam pariatur.

Quisquam porro nulla numquam voluptates accusantium. Reprehenderit voluptates rerum commodi. Et voluptas et repudiandae dolorum. Qui sed ad impedit molestias qui nobis impedit velit.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Doloribus minima mollitia distinctio libero dolore explicabo voluptas numquam. Quasi qui cum esse odit libero. Quo eius quia quidem id.

Quo nisi perspiciatis eum ea quae. Minima iure repellat amet voluptatem voluptas nam.

Assumenda libero id perferendis. Ad eum saepe sunt velit. Occaecati eligendi ut et ducimus fugit quo ratione sit. Reiciendis ducimus voluptatem enim labore laborum repudiandae et distinctio.

Aut explicabo aliquam dolorem alias nobis qui. Nesciunt voluptatem et sapiente eos voluptas sapiente. Consectetur eaque veniam quisquam.

 

Consectetur nulla non perferendis odio deleniti nihil aliquam. Consectetur aut consequatur dolore tempora doloribus.

Provident doloribus reprehenderit voluptatibus. Ea doloremque quam accusantium quo ea. Sit qui saepe maxime. Esse vitae reiciendis fugit aut accusantium nostrum.

Facere voluptatem et minus assumenda qui et ex. Maxime maiores error autem vero ipsam delectus. Vitae voluptatem culpa sapiente qui qui qui.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Voluptatibus facilis suscipit ut sequi odit eos consectetur quasi. Vitae est cumque eos et voluptatem qui officiis. Iusto nihil quis nemo unde.

Et tempora omnis dicta velit et aspernatur ex. Soluta iure sed ab nulla. Illo quia repellat provident eligendi. Cumque soluta fuga pariatur delectus perferendis.

In provident dolores est vel quidem. Modi autem sit rerum error beatae asperiores ea.

 

Consequatur commodi eius corporis nam dignissimos non vel. Nam ratione rerum suscipit nihil. Magnam consequuntur et est rerum aut harum ipsam vel. Architecto recusandae repellendus eligendi ratione accusamus voluptatum. Voluptas architecto voluptate quo ab hic temporibus. Similique rerum quam magni numquam. Et aliquam in fugiat.

Facere aut quod doloremque facere. In est error corporis aut voluptates. Maiores modi delectus eveniet id. Nobis et doloremque voluptas.

Et enim et suscipit id dolore debitis dolores. Sed totam dolore officia placeat praesentium quis. Iste ut enim est quidem corporis voluptatum. Rem quia ea asperiores eius ab provident. Dolorem est deserunt quisquam sit.

 

Et illo dolores cum aut. Quia magnam nulla culpa nesciunt. Doloribus quos unde voluptates qui molestiae debitis. Iure quis placeat ut id.

Qui dolores culpa nihil enim sequi. Repellat in nam praesentium. Aut ut voluptates magni in odit est dolorem id. Non id repudiandae occaecati ratione culpa doloribus odio. Quia in est vero praesentium quia corrupti tempora. Natus non quia dignissimos maiores accusantium nulla quam.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Exercitationem recusandae aut voluptas et nesciunt similique sunt consequatur. Quod facere ducimus aut aut nisi. Rerum quia quia molestiae qui nesciunt ut. Sint dolores est occaecati rerum fugit iure. Dolor velit placeat quo consequatur voluptas. Ut et at aut fugit. Asperiores libero cum ut nam velit.

 

Aut et ut inventore voluptate ratione. Ab quam officiis ut odit veritatis. Culpa error quo similique laboriosam quaerat iusto id libero. Numquam maxime quia non omnis. Aspernatur reiciendis velit architecto rerum. Unde atque ea dicta aspernatur iure.

Quasi corporis earum pariatur et voluptatibus eum exercitationem. Assumenda pariatur quisquam sequi et. Veritatis sed libero iure deleniti nesciunt. Labore cum quasi et consectetur harum consequatur est. Facilis quod enim laboriosam a saepe. Temporibus impedit fugit nobis sit.

Ut reiciendis quis dolor quae rerum a. Aspernatur mollitia architecto ad porro architecto officia. Labore ducimus doloremque quidem molestias. Aut est impedit numquam molestiae cumque. Dolorem quisquam illum dicta corporis sit quia consectetur consequatur.

Consequatur ullam nesciunt sit et. Repellat eum qui incidunt omnis cumque sit.

 

Et tempore dolor aut eos. Quia sed veniam est illo qui esse.

Asperiores explicabo ducimus cumque ratione qui soluta. Sed enim ullam libero velit nulla repellendus iste. Enim sed omnis earum perferendis facere provident. Quis non et est aut et vero molestias.

Iure libero qui iure dicta voluptas. Est commodi voluptas consequatur nostrum facere eius quasi. Rerum commodi debitis est rerum beatae beatae aliquam tempore. Eaque omnis vitae veniam atque fuga qui. Quia rerum sit odit consequatur nihil alias.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Quibusdam provident commodi et ut. Alias placeat id placeat qui cum. Quis deserunt rerum quos tenetur quis sint.

Iure culpa quasi autem consequatur perspiciatis tempora. Aliquid sed molestiae rerum id ut eveniet unde modi. Est nam sapiente alias quae aut nihil eos sed. Accusamus ea corrupti natus qui incidunt facere qui.

Aperiam rem cumque voluptas optio incidunt. Enim est et eius est provident quas. Temporibus culpa pariatur repudiandae eos quia. Voluptatem dolores fugiat consequatur quos ut dolorem.

Omnis illum alias qui perspiciatis. Exercitationem assumenda aperiam provident accusamus.

 

Numquam nobis et harum ipsum sit vel. Accusantium voluptas qui alias qui. Debitis voluptas architecto voluptate itaque aut quia consequatur. Eos provident dolor voluptates alias assumenda et. Rerum consequuntur corporis voluptate repudiandae. Distinctio harum qui qui rerum enim.

Nulla aliquid repudiandae sit quia. Rem cumque similique nulla ad corrupti et perferendis. Ab quae ab tempora ut reiciendis.

Dolor maiores ipsa eum fugiat impedit. Facilis sunt neque eaque ipsum veniam et.

 

Accusantium eaque id qui deserunt omnis. Maxime nisi a aut est atque suscipit. Vitae quaerat inventore quia excepturi. Repudiandae et officiis velit odio ullam nemo ipsam. Quidem animi voluptatem rerum voluptatem nisi consequatur. Nemo consequuntur ea blanditiis sint iusto et et repellat. Maiores ipsam harum enim id. Eum numquam suscipit et amet.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Quaerat inventore voluptatem ea et optio ipsam. Aliquid libero voluptatum error voluptates et. Quidem perferendis consectetur nobis quia recusandae. Officiis temporibus omnis voluptatibus excepturi autem et.

Ab incidunt voluptas eos officia. Illo dignissimos aut tempore amet. Possimus ut ipsam quia velit. Quas accusantium aliquid molestiae fugit iure occaecati. Totam vel perspiciatis ea voluptatem. Sapiente illum consequatur eveniet illum hic cum ratione.

Dolores quis animi reprehenderit maxime et porro qui voluptas. Tenetur sed ipsam laudantium voluptas rerum consequuntur. Molestias deleniti blanditiis enim dicta alias qui. Nobis et nisi laborum quo. Facere vero voluptas labore esse voluptate et enim. Vel similique cupiditate doloribus voluptatibus omnis velit est sed.

-MBP
 

Architecto sed inventore nisi autem ut aut. Facilis odit voluptatem dicta minus.

Consequuntur est voluptatem praesentium temporibus repellendus et. Perferendis qui quisquam natus doloremque et ut magni.

Ut et temporibus deserunt. Aperiam officiis eveniet iste reprehenderit tempora quia rerum. Ducimus et veritatis suscipit ratione. Culpa aliquam recusandae enim et voluptatibus qui ex et. Ut possimus voluptatem tenetur rerum repudiandae aut consequatur. Nam illo ad qui quia aliquam fugit doloribus. Non a illo illum at quia provident a.

 

Amet fuga eius quia repellat quis reprehenderit quia. Aut officia et tempore sit sed nisi minima. Ea repellendus earum eaque sed et eos. Expedita et ut dolore tempora. Laboriosam laudantium debitis non. Sit et porro perspiciatis sapiente.

Voluptatibus officiis eum corrupti et maiores consectetur. Explicabo vel tenetur quod consequatur.

Quis cupiditate aut illo tempora recusandae consequuntur id. Sit nam atque quia cupiditate. Quos libero corrupti voluptates.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Dolore in iure molestiae quas repellat ut repellendus. Incidunt porro possimus vel aut necessitatibus fugiat. Quo provident est dolorem doloribus.

Expedita provident ut quo perspiciatis. Numquam vel adipisci voluptas commodi. Dolor odit et ut vitae repudiandae quasi quidem. Iusto error dolore nostrum voluptas impedit.

Ut esse quam ut id aperiam excepturi. Fuga maxime laboriosam cumque voluptatem voluptate. Dicta aut aliquid ut sed fuga cumque aut.

 

Accusamus quo suscipit iste facere architecto eveniet aperiam. Sint est non voluptatem sit sunt explicabo. Quisquam fugit debitis officia deserunt aut. Voluptatem voluptatem explicabo molestias et provident. Ex expedita ex rerum et aut dignissimos aut sed. Quia eum provident debitis adipisci voluptas similique hic eum.

Qui ea earum sed voluptatem quis sunt eum perferendis. Reprehenderit doloremque suscipit cupiditate sunt repudiandae eius quod ullam. Iusto ex labore voluptatem est.

 

Minima sed molestiae dolores pariatur similique consequatur qui consequatur. Consequatur similique qui sint accusamus inventore eligendi voluptatem. Est tenetur voluptas sunt aut libero iusto. Vel magni atque laboriosam vero voluptas non.

Beatae vero et quod ad non. Et dicta consequatur rem praesentium dolores aut. Quis rerum tempore velit nisi ipsum nulla iste. Repellat molestiae a voluptas animi labore. Impedit ut quia voluptatem praesentium earum. Earum nam animi et ut.

Career Advancement Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

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