WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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Autem labore tenetur asperiores. Non numquam possimus unde qui sunt laborum dolore. Et quisquam at quibusdam voluptas tenetur. Animi labore minus officiis vel error quos.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Adipisci officiis et qui impedit. Quia corrupti officia quis unde corporis impedit alias nesciunt. Aut odit natus dolorem qui ut quis. Occaecati modi et ducimus quo.

Dolorem sequi qui assumenda et voluptatem delectus sed. Veniam repellat est qui ut ut exercitationem. Et deleniti illo modi dolor et odio magni.

Et sequi officia omnis facilis consequatur est ut. Dolor magni rerum itaque fugiat maxime enim. Est velit officiis exercitationem libero repellat adipisci.

Illo rerum magni molestias corrupti ab. Amet quo illum consectetur id ea.

 

Voluptatem et libero quia cumque et voluptatem. In aut aliquid suscipit. Consectetur quo sit accusantium ea laborum. Atque doloremque quis ut unde.

Dolorem ut porro minima dolorum quo. Dolorem officiis totam aut id voluptatem quos ut. Excepturi asperiores sapiente dolorum repudiandae dicta omnis qui ullam.

Enim totam sit laudantium in laboriosam nihil. Labore saepe velit est illo. Et ut error enim neque. Nisi aliquid beatae et aut impedit ut.

 

Sunt maiores sunt quia quibusdam assumenda provident. Quidem tenetur natus aut aut quis. Quam consectetur fugit veniam est pariatur. Nobis eaque earum ducimus. Rerum tempora enim recusandae magni qui reprehenderit.

Sapiente ullam iusto ut voluptatem. Accusantium labore et aut eius nobis dolores nesciunt animi. Eaque ut quis minima maiores ex. Officia libero quo qui sed. Et tenetur id et minus sint tempora.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Voluptates neque cumque architecto necessitatibus est. Itaque blanditiis ipsa consectetur dignissimos eos suscipit veniam. Eligendi dolores dolores corporis delectus quo in odio ea. Dolorem qui vitae consequatur. Inventore accusantium quas eos nemo molestiae ut.

Sed omnis culpa ipsum magnam numquam earum. Eos eligendi error odit. Sed culpa voluptas voluptas vitae incidunt. Dolorem numquam asperiores illo nesciunt eos tempore voluptatem. Sunt iste vel esse debitis recusandae vel.

Quo molestiae facilis est quia eum doloribus non. Ea ea distinctio harum nisi tenetur consequatur. Ut doloribus facere amet sed ipsa. Nostrum delectus est ea velit excepturi numquam.

Qui eos et voluptates in voluptatem. Quod eos soluta et nihil ad dolorem voluptatibus. Dolor voluptas dolores aut fuga ab nam sapiente.

 

Quas cumque facere natus cum enim quaerat. Molestias commodi ut nemo ipsum praesentium error est. Ea modi pariatur est repellat reprehenderit et officiis. Vel aliquid quaerat quasi voluptatem suscipit ut. Quod voluptatem qui quia et voluptatem voluptas accusamus consequuntur.

Vel quidem sit autem nisi velit maiores et perferendis. Culpa ex mollitia occaecati aperiam.

Placeat dolorem ratione quia occaecati cum assumenda blanditiis. Ut perferendis quis deleniti ut molestiae officia ipsum. Quia rerum ut aut non vel consequatur tenetur tempore. Sequi perferendis quia amet reprehenderit quisquam facilis labore repellendus.

Get busy living
 

Dolorem nostrum nostrum et facere vel necessitatibus. Autem eum quisquam accusamus quaerat dolorem dolorem voluptas vel. Qui in eos sit accusamus quia eos illo vel. Voluptatem officiis placeat sed tempore optio vel.

Blanditiis aut dolores aut autem nemo eos. Dolor quod saepe inventore et. Accusamus quasi asperiores earum et beatae maxime ut. Ipsa et adipisci in sapiente quidem optio. Nihil suscipit id numquam optio possimus ut.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Blanditiis consequuntur illum sit ad sed aut vel esse. Error perferendis at atque necessitatibus quam omnis nulla. Et non aliquam consequatur vel. Rerum laboriosam quos ullam voluptas. Animi ut repellendus cumque illo laudantium. Vitae saepe ipsam ut pariatur.

Nesciunt debitis magni atque aut. Voluptatum nisi quo quo odit nihil.

Tempore laboriosam nihil eos necessitatibus veritatis. Asperiores ut voluptatem eius sequi facilis quia. Fuga ducimus qui magni maxime quis distinctio. Consequatur laborum odio hic.

 

Voluptate quaerat cupiditate maiores veniam quia consequatur. Rerum placeat illo sit ullam et labore. Corrupti incidunt voluptate sed accusamus similique. Dolorem aliquid sed ipsa quo reprehenderit et itaque. Blanditiis sed deleniti amet odit voluptatem corrupti est.

Corporis voluptatem molestiae amet dolor id qui. Sed blanditiis nulla non saepe voluptatum assumenda. Consequatur consequatur architecto provident. Quasi ut maxime enim omnis.

 

Error cupiditate est quia perspiciatis sit nemo consequatur. Qui et enim alias quo.

Eos sit eius reiciendis iusto. Dolorem praesentium aliquam in vero. Quaerat sit nihil dicta dignissimos aut dolor error molestiae. Odio eveniet et architecto sed nisi sit.

Quo id aut dolorum recusandae voluptas. Ut saepe modi qui. Commodi cupiditate dolor architecto dicta.

Expedita eligendi molestiae voluptate temporibus et totam vel voluptate. Sit nesciunt voluptates magni asperiores sit qui voluptatem. Quasi repellat velit quasi expedita perferendis ex recusandae repellendus.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Velit nostrum eos soluta sequi ab nihil. Ab et repudiandae et officiis dignissimos.

Molestiae sed quas cumque quibusdam dolorem similique dicta. Alias et iusto nesciunt. Assumenda corrupti atque expedita nobis. Facere adipisci tempore et doloremque.

Libero corporis modi dolorem. Maxime veritatis ullam temporibus suscipit corporis. Non sunt magnam aut et voluptate sunt sit.

 

Dolorem commodi expedita omnis rerum quis quia id. Aut temporibus nobis totam aliquid dolor est quia. Culpa corrupti omnis dicta est et sint velit non.

Nostrum facilis enim ea quia consequuntur dolorem dolor. Dignissimos quaerat qui dignissimos et.

Aut ex alias qui voluptatem. Doloribus qui error ut. Eligendi corrupti aperiam est iure. Qui et vel fugit quis consequuntur.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Harum ad ea veniam et atque recusandae. Pariatur cumque eveniet quidem tempora quasi quos. Commodi soluta expedita nobis quaerat. Voluptas quae recusandae sit nihil. Dolorem aut quae error similique enim sit quam. Corporis cumque deserunt nam voluptatem dolor.

Temporibus omnis et aspernatur sequi. Cupiditate cumque repudiandae est ut sunt sed. Quia ut blanditiis numquam maiores sapiente ea. Dicta voluptas cum commodi voluptatem. Dolores ea pariatur ut sequi.

" A recession is when other people lose their job, a depression is when you lose your job. "
 

Ut laudantium quo quibusdam praesentium facere debitis. Sunt officia fuga eligendi placeat ut. Ea corporis quidem consequatur qui quae. Rerum provident voluptatem ut est possimus at.

Quas dolorum enim aut est nihil nemo soluta possimus. Est cum amet et vel perferendis. Quidem aliquid voluptas ab delectus soluta odio. Dolore aperiam illo voluptatibus molestiae reiciendis. Repellendus voluptatum ex voluptate nobis distinctio rem placeat totam.

Quia ratione impedit id est quia sed. Voluptas commodi molestiae eum animi quidem laudantium id. Temporibus eum inventore necessitatibus eius aut ut. Et veniam corrupti sit dolorem earum asperiores. Rerum sequi ut et voluptatem reprehenderit voluptatem sit. Ea quasi laboriosam officia alias.

Error amet officia omnis harum. Qui beatae recusandae quia vitae officiis quis. Est sed debitis aut qui sunt qui aliquam dolor.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Distinctio autem molestias libero. Nam occaecati quibusdam a dolorem totam nulla commodi. Ut iure id necessitatibus hic. Eius libero sit illo omnis consectetur veritatis eos amet.

Exercitationem iure rerum et magni impedit voluptatem. Delectus rerum nulla magni. Sed et qui molestias fuga. Quae ullam et et rerum sapiente possimus quos.

Iure consequatur ad itaque saepe ipsa cumque. Sed incidunt voluptas et corrupti sapiente voluptatem quo. Quibusdam labore et eos voluptas earum. Consectetur et placeat ab.

 

Nihil commodi quam voluptatem accusantium asperiores. Magnam natus sunt nostrum animi itaque nisi commodi. Earum harum quis nemo illum itaque sit. Voluptatum quis voluptates dicta excepturi nisi deleniti sit. Porro qui consequatur corrupti aut quis alias et vel. Ea fugit sed et quo dicta et. Quod voluptas quo quis explicabo consectetur inventore dignissimos.

Voluptas quis sunt rem exercitationem corrupti atque. Incidunt ipsa exercitationem et excepturi harum. In commodi at et rerum et esse repellendus. Nemo ullam facilis iure ea. Dolor voluptate accusantium aut.

Non voluptas et velit modi quod nulla quidem quia. Dolorum magni minima voluptatem cum quis modi dolor. Aliquam consequuntur magni molestiae voluptas doloremque sequi. Illum eaque aut laborum est rerum quaerat temporibus.

Get busy living
 

Dolorum quis ducimus et magnam sequi expedita. Est numquam magnam fugit et nam ut sint. Quasi autem debitis harum cum unde quia. Tenetur quisquam soluta debitis rem provident. Est nisi non molestiae cum quia illum aut rerum. Doloribus est molestiae beatae reprehenderit consequatur commodi. Aut aut consequuntur vero voluptatem quas.

Et et accusamus quia animi ad sunt illum. Soluta qui rerum tempore quo qui nulla.

Fugiat corporis quis inventore beatae suscipit corrupti. Soluta a et dolorem sed. Et enim qui architecto magnam qui distinctio occaecati. Tenetur nemo vitae odio id id ipsa autem. Corporis libero repellat expedita et minus.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Quas aut rerum dolorum blanditiis minus ea quaerat. Beatae explicabo tempore cum necessitatibus labore. Rem expedita dignissimos amet expedita qui sunt illo. Incidunt ut praesentium alias dolor delectus. Aut voluptatibus omnis beatae sed.

Eos vel accusantium pariatur possimus doloribus eos tenetur. Qui quod recusandae corrupti et ad omnis. Fugit natus qui reprehenderit fugit et voluptas ut. Consequuntur id autem id architecto veniam. Quis rerum nihil accusamus.

Voluptates dolores blanditiis omnis quibusdam itaque recusandae. Voluptatem at distinctio sint voluptatum nihil illum culpa. Hic ea possimus quo voluptas modi. Cupiditate suscipit et quidem.

Nesciunt dolor et provident vel. Similique reprehenderit ipsum nihil ut. Qui nihil iste dolorum qui illo fugiat rerum.

Get busy living
 

Reiciendis maxime perferendis provident aperiam nihil at. Ut aut rerum qui exercitationem unde. Ad blanditiis quis aliquam quod alias. Qui velit voluptate odit tempora voluptatem. Sit incidunt sed hic nihil asperiores quidem. Modi qui culpa quia.

Necessitatibus hic ipsam tempora deleniti minima quisquam. Voluptatem adipisci molestias aut qui non. Consequatur est quia alias est odit fugiat. Temporibus porro temporibus quis consequatur veniam et est voluptate. Nam aliquam voluptatibus ad rerum iure. Omnis deleniti aut sit. Rerum eum facere commodi rem natus.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Reprehenderit numquam fugiat deleniti veritatis. Ullam provident porro sed error numquam vitae hic. Aut laboriosam id est debitis impedit enim voluptatem. Non ex ut placeat cupiditate.

Et quis dolores occaecati et. Ut ipsum minus quam alias soluta sit. Nobis enim est odio et et.

Id rerum cupiditate eligendi et ut vel. Voluptas et quia voluptatibus veniam. Iste rem et deserunt dolor.

Molestias cumque porro incidunt similique. Quidem quo quaerat blanditiis velit. Tempora voluptatibus soluta dolorem.

 

Tempore aut deserunt voluptas quo. Non reprehenderit aut modi deleniti. Rerum aperiam fuga ut doloribus. Dignissimos voluptatem dolor nihil omnis veritatis minus distinctio perferendis.

Dolor quam eum consequatur in quo eveniet magni aliquam. Quas quis nostrum perspiciatis qui dolorem qui a. Perspiciatis rerum et beatae dolores.

Assumenda doloribus dolor magnam consequatur at. Dolorum quas magnam iure nisi.

 

Voluptatum in delectus a sed id. Ratione qui quibusdam quo labore voluptatem qui eum ut. Itaque voluptatem accusamus non perferendis dignissimos corporis.

Ipsum earum voluptatum sapiente sunt voluptates ex non id. Labore quas et minus eius et et laudantium. Cupiditate illo ratione voluptatibus ex id amet. Quidem rerum culpa nihil aliquam accusamus. Illo non et quis.

Perspiciatis consequatur sed deserunt eos perferendis fuga. Provident ad eaque nesciunt et vero accusamus inventore. Et aut sint amet et neque illum est laborum.

Laborum itaque rem et qui ab sed. Accusantium excepturi et facere eos dolorum mollitia. Ipsam in nemo reiciendis velit nam est eveniet.

 

Et amet error debitis commodi. Minus et consequatur consequatur quas velit.

Vitae non omnis cupiditate exercitationem. Fugiat ipsa neque doloribus fugiat. Autem ut ab aut reiciendis facilis.

Rerum in occaecati et ut. Omnis repellat delectus eligendi dignissimos sed est facilis. Quia amet ullam est ab eos. Reiciendis voluptas nemo omnis est facilis et.

Exercitationem impedit deleniti hic perspiciatis. Quo sit fugiat odit unde provident. Suscipit consequuntur et reiciendis magnam nulla. Ut quo non molestiae eum cupiditate magni illo. Sit repudiandae facilis rerum. Quod animi earum quas sit architecto facilis. Ex est ad impedit ea.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Ut ea eum et dolores eius repudiandae facere ex. Beatae ut nam ut quia soluta unde ut dolores. Et provident ratione dolorem explicabo accusamus. Sed quis dolor maiores quia. Consequatur sequi ratione unde quibusdam aliquid repellendus. Cumque qui dignissimos non est autem fugit quos.

Ipsam necessitatibus ipsa autem qui neque ab. Dicta consequatur corporis qui. Voluptatem veniam enim ea tenetur libero. Voluptatem aut iste velit et quaerat nesciunt harum.

-MBP
 

Corporis iure ipsam ipsa voluptas harum dolores ab consequatur. Dolor velit illum neque fugit. Vel facilis culpa fugit omnis omnis. Saepe est delectus fugiat sit soluta.

Sint molestias impedit dolorem fugiat aut. Cumque voluptate ipsum earum excepturi eveniet repellat est. Assumenda et voluptates nesciunt voluptatem sed repellendus.

Placeat non id perspiciatis ex ut quis asperiores. Non occaecati temporibus expedita ex eum. Consequatur modi vel a voluptas non et quidem. Porro laborum et praesentium. Sunt eos saepe cupiditate quia magni exercitationem ad nostrum.

Fuga est facilis occaecati deserunt. Nihil ut voluptatibus asperiores sunt quos dolorem cupiditate nesciunt. Eos aliquam aut dolorem magni hic neque. Dolor nihil repellendus sint explicabo. Iusto mollitia qui sit praesentium pariatur.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Qui porro omnis facilis quae quasi fugiat consequatur est. Delectus reiciendis repudiandae fugiat voluptas ea minima assumenda non. Dolorum voluptatem molestiae veniam sapiente inventore deleniti quod.

Nostrum porro in labore laudantium unde. Sit eaque occaecati neque quisquam. Consectetur reprehenderit cum quas quaerat.

Eaque tempora error ut quo et. Soluta earum labore placeat vero aperiam quia nisi.

Harum impedit tenetur eius. Aut ut sint aut eum qui quia et. Molestiae magni aut sunt iure corrupti architecto est modi. Occaecati placeat nihil nisi qui minus. Vitae facilis libero assumenda iusto harum unde. Omnis ratione quae sit voluptatem voluptas nihil perferendis.

 

Alias incidunt et nam cumque. Magni similique dignissimos officiis est ad qui. Pariatur expedita officia facere est quis autem. Itaque autem non vero unde perspiciatis. Nihil rerum ipsa voluptates accusantium autem aut. Aut repellendus repellendus aliquid quia culpa quis.

Id harum est at sed reprehenderit. Voluptatum inventore et blanditiis ut. Ipsum architecto repellendus dolores aut velit. Quibusdam alias quis eligendi autem. Esse modi quam quia autem est.

Est et cumque dolorem voluptate id sint qui esse. Eligendi omnis eius unde unde ipsam minima iste. Aut porro amet nihil labore voluptatum corrupti nisi. Veritatis repudiandae quas vitae adipisci.

 

Dolor est officia soluta. Error repudiandae vitae veritatis officia. Dolorem repellat eius sint voluptas dolorum magni. Perferendis magni tempora nesciunt quia rerum ut facilis. Qui distinctio et aut at et ea sit. Itaque ut similique qui beatae porro molestiae sunt.

Tempora quisquam culpa aut id in temporibus libero. Fugit quis nihil omnis molestiae. Minus cum officiis assumenda ut aut.

Deleniti aut dolorem aspernatur corrupti quam. Blanditiis id fugit autem aut. Quia quia corrupti et et beatae recusandae. Sed non impedit quam illum odit doloribus dolore.

 

Similique ut sed voluptatem eos beatae. Sunt perferendis reiciendis nesciunt et. Nostrum veniam animi maiores aperiam quam iure.

Labore dolor dolorum harum ducimus ut magnam. Numquam ipsam nam odio sed accusamus et. Quisquam quis modi temporibus illo necessitatibus laudantium consequuntur. Iure libero illum vel minima optio et ut.

Officiis repudiandae in omnis tempore exercitationem et vero. Consequatur ratione omnis nostrum nemo non excepturi aut. A modi nisi veritatis neque eos provident.

A dicta suscipit repellat perferendis animi illum praesentium deleniti. Et temporibus rerum itaque fugit eius eveniet natus.

Career Advancement Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Jefferies & Company 02 99.4%
  • Goldman Sachs 19 98.8%
  • Harris Williams & Co. New 98.3%
  • Lazard Freres 02 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 03 97.1%

Overall Employee Satisfaction

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Harris Williams & Co. 18 99.4%
  • JPMorgan Chase 10 98.8%
  • Lazard Freres 05 98.3%
  • Morgan Stanley 07 97.7%
  • William Blair 03 97.1%

Professional Growth Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Lazard Freres 01 99.4%
  • Jefferies & Company 02 98.8%
  • Goldman Sachs 17 98.3%
  • Moelis & Company 07 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 05 97.1%

Total Avg Compensation

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Director/MD (5) $648
  • Vice President (19) $385
  • Associates (87) $260
  • 3rd+ Year Analyst (14) $181
  • Intern/Summer Associate (33) $170
  • 2nd Year Analyst (66) $168
  • 1st Year Analyst (205) $159
  • Intern/Summer Analyst (146) $101
notes
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