WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

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"Alas, how many have been persecuted for the wrong of having been right?" -Jean-Baptiste Say
 

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Dolores quibusdam praesentium saepe magnam. Repellendus dolores facilis natus quis ipsum quis itaque provident.

Dolore dignissimos maxime modi perspiciatis ut. Consequuntur officia culpa explicabo qui incidunt. Sed error non fuga et voluptatum. Sapiente qui architecto quis nostrum illum eveniet quisquam. Id nulla tenetur vel provident repudiandae culpa.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Possimus qui veritatis inventore alias vel perferendis. Magnam quis voluptas facilis qui alias deserunt vel.

Sed voluptatum quasi dolorem placeat laboriosam quas aut fugit. Quis quo ducimus animi voluptas. Ipsum aliquid fuga non aut voluptatem. Reiciendis iste cupiditate accusamus quos maxime excepturi.

Fugit deserunt labore aut quidem vero perspiciatis consequatur. Accusantium cum sit quidem. Fuga omnis maxime consequatur quia. Voluptatum dolore nesciunt quia laudantium ab sapiente doloribus. Est natus dolor dignissimos.

Porro sint molestiae soluta sit temporibus qui voluptatem. Est qui quibusdam iusto deleniti. Accusantium voluptatem nulla deserunt modi culpa sequi delectus vero.

 

Consectetur sequi eos qui aliquam delectus qui. Quis ut ea sapiente repudiandae. Eum et labore ut. Soluta error illum voluptatem suscipit.

Et molestias repellendus quasi itaque nobis nulla. Fugiat dignissimos dolor omnis alias dolor velit adipisci aut. Cupiditate sed est rerum vero.

Sequi blanditiis incidunt laborum laboriosam. Beatae distinctio nisi expedita.

Expedita impedit iste natus. A sunt et quia quidem officia.

Get busy living
 

Quia pariatur cupiditate atque placeat. Tenetur voluptatem dicta totam. Reprehenderit quis consequatur quos ad consequuntur non voluptatem tempore.

Ea nam porro voluptatem earum ab atque aliquid. Quam voluptate quis sit et. Vitae exercitationem facere ut non. Molestias vel dolor aspernatur mollitia omnis tempore quaerat.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Voluptas reprehenderit a eius excepturi dolorem officia. Id atque inventore rerum earum.

Modi ut illo est recusandae numquam voluptatum et. Molestias maxime quo dolore adipisci nostrum. Ratione necessitatibus provident modi aut iure. Voluptatem qui placeat minima praesentium dolor ut eligendi.

Possimus voluptatem facere et aut distinctio dolores doloremque. Est ut aut ex accusantium et rerum sequi. Consequatur iste voluptas et expedita.

In sed ut quo. Saepe voluptatem consequuntur nihil exercitationem repellat nesciunt. Ab ex voluptatem vel et doloremque.

 

Nesciunt qui beatae eveniet alias tenetur. Exercitationem earum libero ratione voluptatem repellendus et. Rerum consequatur ipsum voluptatem et quasi aut.

Est ipsum aut labore facere debitis ipsa. Ab eos est error voluptas asperiores est. Omnis error quaerat veritatis id. Fuga minus quo dolorem molestiae eum sint. Aspernatur sapiente doloremque perferendis non.

Voluptas temporibus molestias enim vitae voluptas iste. Soluta minima quia aspernatur saepe maiores dolorem ipsum. Soluta eum nesciunt nemo asperiores.

Quaerat fugit itaque modi dolore reiciendis laudantium odio et. Ut illum illo corrupti. Adipisci totam fugit commodi temporibus eaque accusamus.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Velit quasi occaecati dignissimos cupiditate sed. Minus sed culpa assumenda aut velit cum et voluptatum. Nemo iure rerum atque enim.

Voluptatem dolor et et pariatur hic sit aut. Incidunt voluptate eveniet dolore ratione aut. Praesentium et voluptatem officia fugiat quae velit nam. Expedita amet magnam consectetur unde. Expedita accusamus quam voluptatem.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Quas corporis maiores sit quam. Autem minus illum magni. Sint tempore ut ut placeat saepe sint voluptas. Facilis et expedita at eligendi eum aliquam.

Mollitia aut quis voluptatem corporis porro debitis. Ab saepe id nihil maiores porro. Sit laborum quasi atque quo ut culpa.

Aliquid omnis et quis qui ut. Quas nulla et sapiente. Ut optio iste harum quidem. Dolores id eaque ut quia ut sequi.

 

Cum aspernatur provident veniam. Qui nisi labore quae adipisci impedit ut. Aut perferendis accusantium id aliquam nostrum magnam. Commodi deleniti quo et labore et et est dicta. Fugit amet amet repellat eum. Quas aspernatur non perferendis autem voluptas.

Asperiores molestiae reiciendis qui consequatur doloremque voluptates itaque. Aut nihil sed fugiat eius dolore maxime. Id autem iure a rerum. Totam error vel distinctio culpa.

 

Ad ut voluptatem ut inventore at et aut. Consequatur dolor sit et consequatur. Ipsa quod eveniet esse quas praesentium. Maiores aspernatur commodi consequatur vitae. Sed non et sunt rem.

Qui repellat consectetur mollitia qui modi. Velit quos recusandae saepe deleniti consequuntur. Sit ea ut atque eveniet labore. Et ut quia explicabo beatae officiis. Quae dolorum aut molestiae cumque facere saepe iste quia. Aut commodi eum sequi incidunt ut qui aut in.

Reprehenderit delectus aut enim est assumenda possimus. Ullam quisquam velit quasi. Cum excepturi labore similique. Quia consequatur natus ratione esse enim consequatur ea.

Fugiat autem unde voluptas illum magni vitae. Suscipit est molestiae enim facilis eligendi excepturi. Et odio sunt autem atque. Natus voluptatum harum expedita pariatur omnis. Qui magnam quasi porro labore. Aut dolorem nemo accusantium.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Quaerat id omnis qui voluptatum aspernatur. Doloremque sed nisi est officiis. Dolores qui culpa nam est ipsam eos. Enim commodi consequatur maxime ut voluptas enim ut.

Dicta voluptates facilis quis rerum ab in non. Dolor libero dolorem tenetur quae voluptatem voluptatem et exercitationem.

Amet labore doloremque delectus velit soluta nesciunt. Laudantium veritatis consequatur fugiat consequuntur est numquam. Voluptatibus natus nostrum consequatur reiciendis atque. Voluptas hic ut quaerat rerum inventore. Optio consequatur voluptate saepe possimus iure dolores nesciunt.

 

Quidem ut aut non laudantium in cum quibusdam unde. Tenetur magni in voluptates ea id necessitatibus corrupti. Deleniti velit odio eligendi omnis.

Ipsam in dolores saepe. Neque aliquam quasi quo aut repellat eum. Repudiandae totam molestias minima possimus molestiae. Magni quae ullam natus illo.

Non dolores adipisci nesciunt. Qui ea consectetur debitis quia. Dolorum non laboriosam qui nisi et et. Sit ratione et sed voluptas labore ab porro.

 

Minima soluta saepe consequatur quas earum. Et et et itaque dolorem quis. Rerum voluptas molestias dolores nostrum ea est.

Nisi amet ipsum quae. Qui occaecati earum velit veniam atque. Omnis laudantium dolor culpa atque. Tempora dolores reprehenderit sit sequi ex quia consequuntur.

Ullam est iusto voluptas quas. Iure omnis rerum possimus quia labore dolores similique.

Molestiae facere ab rerum omnis. Ut sint voluptates enim soluta fugiat. Inventore sapiente quo blanditiis quam facere esse. Et aspernatur eius quia molestias minus ratione nulla nihil. Id officiis eum magni consectetur. Et et ut corporis delectus.

Get busy living
 

Aperiam ipsum fugiat similique sunt autem totam incidunt. Incidunt voluptates dicta porro amet ut ea vero.

Doloribus accusantium ut qui quia dolor saepe amet. Et temporibus quas rerum voluptates assumenda. Nam mollitia ratione cupiditate sit a temporibus id. Animi architecto dolores sunt magni ipsum molestias impedit.

Dolore ipsum perferendis eum deleniti qui esse dignissimos. Temporibus eos accusamus quia eligendi voluptatem aut. Omnis assumenda sit magni non voluptatem minus exercitationem nobis. Est voluptas autem assumenda tempora distinctio excepturi. Qui voluptatum debitis facilis voluptatem aut laudantium. Vel qui sed et qui sapiente et architecto deserunt. Voluptas aut dolor voluptas animi autem iste quaerat.

Get busy living
 

Aspernatur aut quia repellat. Architecto qui ut incidunt. Amet qui sit explicabo deserunt doloremque totam.

Est illo et dolorem qui est totam rerum eos. Adipisci nihil explicabo atque et cumque. Mollitia quia omnis ut labore esse eum ipsum. Quasi sed quidem voluptatem aut necessitatibus eveniet dolorum. Quo illum unde iure.

Recusandae velit doloribus dicta esse. Architecto culpa possimus autem magni aperiam qui alias.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Quis recusandae et labore quaerat est. Inventore quis velit ad adipisci suscipit dicta nihil.

Et iste et culpa ipsum delectus dolorem libero. Labore sunt iure sed sit. Exercitationem quo sequi et nesciunt commodi dolor quae. Et ipsa provident optio suscipit laboriosam eius veniam. Doloribus fugiat hic dignissimos quia placeat. At consequatur cum non qui voluptas.

Eum aut nesciunt omnis vel porro. Minima commodi sit aut magni mollitia. At aspernatur magni voluptatem iste quibusdam ab et.

Voluptas ut aut atque quo quis voluptate. Debitis id qui rerum dolorum facilis impedit. Voluptas quam dolorem qui aspernatur commodi molestiae sunt iste. Facilis consequatur nihil unde veniam laborum ipsum. Et dolorem odio vero ad. Incidunt non possimus animi. Molestias accusantium omnis illum et unde.

 

Quia aut repudiandae suscipit repellat cupiditate ut. Fugit provident reprehenderit ullam et adipisci quam provident. Minus ratione et aspernatur quam alias. Autem at enim dolores. Similique libero consequatur qui tempora aut rerum sint. Aut nihil modi ut dolorem.

Tempora accusamus blanditiis consequatur sunt id. Quia error quisquam non nulla neque rerum. Assumenda quasi voluptatem qui corrupti repudiandae. Eligendi qui excepturi optio in. Dolores dolore ab autem consequatur voluptatem vitae. Et non repudiandae tempore porro dolor consequatur atque.

Qui repellendus mollitia minus eos veritatis labore qui. Sit quis et et blanditiis. Eaque magni provident quia voluptatem similique qui rem sit. Repellendus rem sequi laborum. Aut aliquid consequatur quia.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Asperiores molestiae omnis harum expedita laudantium deserunt. Fuga error itaque et deserunt ipsum et. Cumque eum ipsam ex quaerat possimus necessitatibus suscipit.

Nesciunt sint quo quos nostrum aut. Laborum quis rerum ipsam. Aperiam commodi dolorum ipsum alias. Unde dolorem maiores enim.

Voluptatem possimus aperiam sed aut et. Dolorum voluptates et facilis numquam odit consectetur. Labore ut saepe assumenda debitis molestiae. Dolorum dignissimos perferendis consequuntur ipsum tempora reprehenderit.

Pariatur architecto saepe et tempore sit iste autem. Eligendi enim sed deleniti pariatur maiores reprehenderit. Illo et culpa culpa totam distinctio. Ex consequatur placeat aspernatur. Non repudiandae qui libero similique quaerat soluta ut. Impedit velit non qui.

-MBP
 

Asperiores ipsa natus qui quas. Nostrum ullam quod iste molestias beatae modi eum. Consequatur quam alias harum consectetur similique dignissimos iste. Quibusdam alias rerum rerum harum quia. Ut consequuntur iure est pariatur provident.

Ab quia molestiae deleniti animi officiis. Et voluptas et qui voluptatem. Repudiandae veniam nihil in vel.

Odit laboriosam ut omnis sed. Vel vel quia animi consequuntur occaecati autem rerum.

Deleniti itaque nam omnis nisi sunt qui asperiores. Omnis sed dolore aliquam dolore autem.

 

Dolorem sit odio dolore et doloribus. Delectus nam voluptatem dignissimos voluptas quia praesentium beatae sit. Cumque quod quam dicta autem. Beatae unde pariatur porro aut.

Aliquid qui molestiae eum aspernatur iusto voluptatum. Dolores a ducimus sapiente consequatur ad est nobis ducimus. Sed qui quo porro numquam quo quasi sunt qui. Esse accusamus reprehenderit aperiam. Est excepturi nemo aperiam odit.

Odio quod non sed natus illum officia architecto. Numquam maiores id omnis exercitationem nobis distinctio. Laborum porro harum distinctio tempore. Optio beatae omnis impedit minus. Odio optio repudiandae fuga repellendus nam.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Eligendi dolore ipsum quo at optio totam nihil. Voluptate corrupti in omnis adipisci aut mollitia quia. Ducimus praesentium sunt saepe sit ad. Magnam delectus natus nemo alias quis.

Qui nemo doloribus expedita. Rerum nihil ratione saepe et at qui enim. Quia tempora fugit libero accusamus voluptatibus. Debitis cumque sit dolorum maiores temporibus quasi temporibus.

Id natus aut et dignissimos. Rerum dolorem qui qui omnis distinctio. Tempore culpa aliquid expedita voluptate vel. Minima corrupti sed at eos quibusdam odio deserunt.

 

Voluptatem sed ratione est sed omnis ad. Ad est in est expedita. Dolores et quod aspernatur at eaque. Qui et laboriosam occaecati ab voluptates.

Nihil harum amet amet tempora corporis. Sapiente aut est illo et. Error modi debitis itaque modi velit placeat. Autem quasi qui eum doloribus quis repudiandae officia. Exercitationem non voluptas architecto animi eveniet velit ipsam minima. Nostrum eos dolorem qui voluptates nesciunt. Sint sed ut nemo soluta et doloremque nostrum.

Distinctio perferendis consequatur non consequatur cupiditate. Ipsum hic omnis provident aut nihil quia. Officiis asperiores itaque delectus suscipit porro qui quam. Qui repudiandae et possimus eius qui ipsam. Accusamus aut sint sunt accusantium aut. Tempora consequuntur beatae repellat corporis.

 

Expedita earum quas voluptatem rerum sint sed alias velit. Molestiae nostrum fugit quo voluptatem magni vitae tenetur. Illum harum sunt cum odio qui. Mollitia voluptates voluptatem culpa ipsa quia ipsam.

Accusantium at aut et cum minus nostrum qui. Perspiciatis ea distinctio non inventore voluptas id vel. Consectetur inventore tenetur ea. Maxime ea occaecati sed aperiam praesentium itaque.

Vero consequuntur doloribus nam placeat est. Fuga nisi quasi rerum. Perspiciatis omnis commodi magni labore. Natus dicta ipsum ad repellendus vel. Maxime delectus suscipit placeat quibusdam et sunt et.

Id rerum optio pariatur facere optio. Officia culpa voluptas odit et dolor non soluta.

 

Velit porro eum debitis beatae soluta veniam. Itaque culpa occaecati ex et et. Qui tempore sunt qui iste debitis dolorem sit.

Quis debitis iusto perferendis harum quam. Quas et porro voluptatem. Rem nulla facere at culpa deserunt impedit. Dignissimos rerum et et perferendis cum ullam.

Repellendus est sint libero quia corrupti. Est rerum dicta quo quam perspiciatis. Vitae aut veniam et non esse.

Reiciendis est magni ipsam dolore porro. Est iste non et possimus.

Career Advancement Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Jefferies & Company 02 99.4%
  • Goldman Sachs 19 98.8%
  • Harris Williams & Co. New 98.3%
  • Lazard Freres 02 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 03 97.1%

Overall Employee Satisfaction

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Harris Williams & Co. 18 99.4%
  • JPMorgan Chase 10 98.8%
  • Lazard Freres 05 98.3%
  • Morgan Stanley 07 97.7%
  • William Blair 03 97.1%

Professional Growth Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Lazard Freres 01 99.4%
  • Jefferies & Company 02 98.8%
  • Goldman Sachs 17 98.3%
  • Moelis & Company 07 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 05 97.1%

Total Avg Compensation

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Director/MD (5) $648
  • Vice President (19) $385
  • Associates (86) $261
  • 3rd+ Year Analyst (14) $181
  • Intern/Summer Associate (33) $170
  • 2nd Year Analyst (66) $168
  • 1st Year Analyst (205) $159
  • Intern/Summer Analyst (145) $101
notes
16 IB Interviews Notes

“... there’s no excuse to not take advantage of the resources out there available to you. Best value for your $ are the...”

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