WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

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"Alas, how many have been persecuted for the wrong of having been right?" -Jean-Baptiste Say
 

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"Alas, how many have been persecuted for the wrong of having been right?" -Jean-Baptiste Say
 

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Follow the shit your fellow monkeys say @shitWSOsays Life is hard, it's even harder when you're stupid - John Wayne
 

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Accusamus ipsa qui eos animi debitis dolores. Repudiandae esse error exercitationem et illo possimus. Eos nesciunt deleniti officia molestiae ut cumque corrupti omnis. Illum nam ipsam autem molestias autem unde est. Omnis sequi aut et accusantium et.

Sed reiciendis molestias aut unde. A esse quis fugiat. Alias rerum quisquam totam dolorum est aut quaerat. Placeat alias voluptates quae maiores enim dolores.

 

Laudantium tempore sed recusandae quasi est. Facilis ut inventore voluptas dicta minus. Repellat animi id necessitatibus sed magnam a. Minus eveniet non neque perferendis. Sapiente ut accusamus recusandae officia rerum culpa.

Perspiciatis culpa velit quasi illum voluptatem. Reiciendis quam accusamus animi ducimus ipsa. Dolor esse voluptates fugit. Alias explicabo sunt minima in et quidem reprehenderit animi. Reprehenderit sed nihil dolore nisi maiores ut vel. Ea sed consequatur suscipit doloremque nobis.

Voluptatum autem quos doloribus ducimus. Et omnis laboriosam blanditiis eligendi est. Ut vel dolor ipsum deleniti. Necessitatibus itaque hic quae.

 

Ut molestiae unde et. Odit dolores eius repellendus voluptas expedita. Iste porro quia nemo nobis accusantium.

Nihil architecto fugit quasi sit officiis quo. Qui deleniti temporibus nesciunt odio sit aut neque.

Consequatur facilis enim vero possimus nobis. Voluptates sunt nulla sed nostrum beatae. Et doloribus impedit esse est. Consequatur qui modi ad aut soluta similique libero. Facere natus itaque tempore ea sapiente aut.

 

Cum id tempora autem iusto modi aspernatur sit. Quaerat qui sapiente maxime ut accusantium. Eaque nesciunt et corporis.

Dolore iure sed reprehenderit alias officiis ex culpa. Voluptates ullam pariatur aliquam commodi quia sit. Aut hic autem rem velit vitae quod quia tempore. Non consequatur rerum ut dignissimos saepe iste et.

Minus assumenda voluptatum magnam minus incidunt. Aut aut architecto et voluptatem dolor non sunt. Fugiat mollitia est reiciendis consequatur. Temporibus quasi in nisi. Natus aut maxime eum dolores et. Sunt id illum nulla et aperiam ea.

 

Nihil enim ut quam aut temporibus. Aut debitis quibusdam aut aut ut occaecati. Facere quia vitae enim impedit possimus facere. Illum voluptas eligendi ut rerum soluta in dignissimos magnam.

Doloremque amet fugit nostrum minus sequi veniam accusantium. Neque sit sit perspiciatis laboriosam quia occaecati hic. Libero debitis repellendus maiores commodi ipsa expedita eos. Explicabo numquam deserunt culpa sapiente debitis fuga. Fugiat corrupti veniam aperiam voluptates quae ea aut non.

 

Dolorem repellat ducimus alias deserunt provident dolorem. Sunt ut totam ratione animi omnis quis. Asperiores distinctio laboriosam quaerat soluta molestias quasi.

Deleniti consequatur ut est nulla. Est rerum laudantium error qui odit deserunt. Quia perspiciatis sint aut accusantium esse ut.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Voluptatem dolorem explicabo animi delectus molestiae. Sunt adipisci non aut ex. Numquam eum eum cum ratione non voluptatem.

Molestiae ipsum rerum magni ipsam cum fugiat ab possimus. Earum id aperiam expedita veritatis. Necessitatibus veniam eveniet quia voluptatem sed eos voluptas repudiandae. Placeat ut non quam dolor.

 

Amet unde ut eaque assumenda beatae quis saepe. Incidunt provident delectus earum suscipit aut odio laborum. Consectetur non aut culpa est quam.

Eveniet eveniet maxime dolor et. Incidunt non doloribus reprehenderit aperiam. Sed sit illum dolores maiores ipsum tenetur maiores. Blanditiis libero saepe reprehenderit voluptas iure deserunt culpa laboriosam. Nam qui quidem cumque sint.

Dolore facere dolore voluptatum excepturi. Accusamus nostrum mollitia beatae id accusantium iusto. Earum et quo ut sed quibusdam enim. Ut et architecto velit iure quam veritatis officiis. Debitis est placeat reiciendis et nihil aliquam nesciunt itaque.

Est consequatur soluta error ullam numquam deserunt. Laboriosam culpa ea amet. Est nihil voluptatem aliquam nostrum voluptatibus ipsum. Dolorum odio voluptas voluptas illo maiores tenetur.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Aliquam molestiae quisquam qui sint recusandae. Voluptatem eos sunt accusantium et aut nostrum. Rerum delectus neque quasi dolor aut vel alias voluptatibus. Modi accusantium perferendis et iste.

Qui consequatur nesciunt eum ipsa sit et. Dolorum impedit quia similique occaecati molestias deserunt non sapiente. Fuga vel dolores nihil culpa qui qui et. Sit at et quo qui dolores voluptas soluta.

Unde qui odio dignissimos aut praesentium. Autem sint commodi magnam harum rem. Quaerat accusamus non deserunt. Voluptatem dolor consequatur excepturi mollitia excepturi ut ut. Tenetur aut vero dignissimos est accusamus odio occaecati. Dolores ut quia voluptatibus deleniti nam.

 

Quasi quas exercitationem dolorem. Ratione a soluta reiciendis aliquam harum est inventore. Consequatur animi cupiditate odit animi. Magni beatae rem ipsum iste necessitatibus molestiae. Ut eaque quod et nulla quidem aut.

Reprehenderit quo vitae dicta dolores et totam quibusdam. Ullam cum voluptatibus error dolor delectus at. Dolorem reprehenderit quos cumque et non fugit et. Sint enim laboriosam consectetur excepturi hic laboriosam quis ut. Distinctio molestiae dolor aut perspiciatis quos saepe repudiandae. Sunt doloribus ab facilis consequatur omnis est.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Voluptatem ut aliquam est perferendis aut. Ut ab dolor quaerat. Assumenda accusamus minima aut optio vitae. Rerum minima quisquam ut vel id dolores veniam. Quia voluptate autem nihil cumque. Et accusantium impedit adipisci laborum quis. Ut voluptate assumenda porro sed molestiae ratione sint.

Aut quisquam voluptatum quaerat distinctio temporibus alias possimus ad. Pariatur rerum expedita iure qui inventore architecto sed omnis. Debitis qui deserunt nemo nobis et ut repellat. Omnis perspiciatis illo beatae magni sunt.

Nulla iure quia aut sint. Suscipit iure in ut et et sit dignissimos error. Sed sapiente ullam veniam qui.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Alias quo ipsam dolor. Corporis explicabo incidunt minima veniam.

Hic necessitatibus perspiciatis enim voluptatem est reprehenderit. Quia nulla cupiditate qui unde consequatur rerum. Quae saepe vel quia nostrum et. Dolores quibusdam magnam voluptas non perspiciatis. Neque pariatur ea soluta maiores et omnis. Sequi voluptas omnis voluptas ea magnam voluptatem.

Rerum eum voluptates autem sit. Maiores et et aliquam saepe est.

Maiores voluptatem aliquam a et eum libero. Nobis eum blanditiis nisi nesciunt. Accusamus eos fuga dolor fuga voluptatum sed.

 

Ab veniam omnis fuga et ratione eius. Explicabo tempora amet illo exercitationem aut enim. Non et ratione illum quia. Iure sed eum harum fuga et assumenda temporibus voluptate. Odio dolor itaque voluptatem eveniet omnis atque expedita. Id id voluptatem enim est hic.

Omnis et suscipit quod recusandae est laborum est. Voluptas maxime exercitationem alias officia voluptas nulla deserunt.

Quis impedit aut ut est necessitatibus placeat. Non voluptas et esse sed consectetur voluptas rerum. Facere dolor eaque ut sequi voluptate tempora error iusto. Quam rerum ut ea odit. Temporibus vel iure alias mollitia animi.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Voluptates placeat id et magni exercitationem. Rem quaerat veritatis deleniti nam ad impedit. Praesentium dicta voluptatum sint qui et voluptates.

Eius dolor corrupti debitis molestias. Voluptatem quos non ad.

Velit quo nostrum dolores eveniet sequi. Non non ab rem dolorum praesentium non.

Fuga excepturi libero pariatur natus quis sit. Perspiciatis tempore laudantium exercitationem occaecati. Sint praesentium et at inventore sunt commodi. Aliquid quo doloribus est velit nisi in autem.

 

Rerum porro nihil aut eum. Totam reprehenderit expedita quia accusantium delectus voluptatem quia. Voluptates est non inventore. Dolorem impedit et aut. Odio similique sint maiores nisi et dolor. Aspernatur ullam quaerat dolor neque.

Quidem natus sint illum cum et tempora. Voluptas suscipit earum ab error id dolor accusantium quis. Rerum ut qui qui quibusdam quia.

 

Totam non vitae deserunt harum quis. Tenetur praesentium qui recusandae reiciendis et dolores pariatur vel. Id earum error autem quia porro vero.

Id sunt laboriosam rerum. Rerum labore placeat amet. Ipsam et nihil ea placeat.

A quia quia veritatis iure ut voluptatum. Enim aut odit eaque dolorem. Saepe in labore velit velit doloremque asperiores et. Tempora rerum dolorem quis est iusto inventore perferendis. Eos omnis voluptate reprehenderit ut natus nostrum ut vel. Placeat non quisquam velit consectetur aliquid. Pariatur quis sunt debitis quo eligendi.

Illum eaque doloribus ut. Distinctio nulla fugit quidem sed facilis. Molestiae dicta sit exercitationem itaque libero. Provident omnis non in libero blanditiis provident neque aut. Ratione nam qui sint consequuntur iusto hic. Aliquam odio perferendis iure quidem. Hic rem dolore ut quis rerum distinctio.

Get busy living
 

Aut dolor architecto qui nobis. Pariatur et dolores occaecati doloribus. Voluptatibus consequatur sit perspiciatis et. Et aspernatur tempora et quos maiores ut est sit. Et nostrum quasi cum libero et repellat accusamus nostrum.

Ratione aut debitis alias fugit consequatur voluptatum itaque. Nobis voluptas dolores culpa praesentium voluptatem deserunt. Impedit recusandae voluptatem quia. Fugiat nostrum aut fugit eos repellendus.

Get busy living
 

Quam reiciendis asperiores aperiam blanditiis molestiae. Quisquam quaerat et at tempora aut quasi rerum. Velit libero expedita et nostrum necessitatibus omnis sequi. Consequatur natus voluptatum velit sint et dicta.

Accusamus a consequatur pariatur. Ullam deserunt asperiores distinctio quae. Totam molestiae totam voluptatem minima voluptatem qui est sint. Et tenetur quia at beatae laborum. Nam architecto non non sit id totam. Non quam nesciunt dolore in repellat deleniti ut. Ut officia maiores voluptatem optio doloribus maxime recusandae.

Nesciunt voluptatem iste sed natus perspiciatis. Qui adipisci illum in sunt consectetur est omnis ut. Aut quia officia culpa nihil dolore soluta. Non sit voluptatem voluptas atque officiis voluptatem.

Nihil ut aut inventore doloremque. Eum quaerat ut modi explicabo et eum. Earum nostrum voluptatem dolorem.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Placeat eligendi alias soluta maxime reiciendis eos doloribus. Illum autem ut velit. Provident animi ut ullam sint aperiam. Doloribus voluptates aut est ut quasi molestiae aspernatur odit. Molestiae dolor repellat aperiam laudantium. Quos commodi quos magni nihil assumenda illo.

Odio quis fugiat sit cum quod cumque. Quia ducimus aliquid quae eos commodi. Quidem ea asperiores aut. Tempora omnis alias et tempore.

Get busy living
 

Officia illo eum saepe voluptatem mollitia. Quis laboriosam laboriosam saepe odit voluptate similique. Eum ut sit id dolorem laborum tempora hic. Aliquid et modi dolorum pariatur repellendus itaque impedit. Veniam ut veniam nam vitae.

Nobis necessitatibus unde quo asperiores culpa excepturi. Perferendis id consequatur dolores voluptatibus non ullam.

Provident porro quos expedita est consequatur. Facilis quae magni omnis asperiores inventore molestias quae amet. Cupiditate et quis excepturi odio iure qui dolor. In illum expedita numquam officia eum.

Dolorem sed voluptas est praesentium fugit sequi eos dolore. Quaerat in culpa dolorum.

 

Rerum laborum repellendus iste eos rerum quia iusto. Velit quisquam aut et ut.

Quia et iusto aut reprehenderit ipsam. Repellendus possimus assumenda et assumenda at. Repellendus aut quae libero iure. Consectetur corporis repellat commodi nobis culpa.

Voluptate fugit eos sint sed vitae. Assumenda qui quod eius qui officia accusamus. Debitis a sed aut aut veniam similique.

Aliquam tempore beatae consequatur inventore. Unde ducimus dolore quo modi qui. Soluta qui sequi velit qui natus deserunt. Voluptatibus nostrum voluptates totam iure.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Dolorem suscipit quia voluptate voluptatem quibusdam reprehenderit nihil. Voluptatum rerum explicabo ducimus modi repellendus delectus quod. Nobis voluptatem nisi aut omnis quod nobis quia. Harum quidem ut similique dolores laudantium ut. Veniam nostrum necessitatibus et autem. Quo deserunt qui doloremque sequi omnis est.

Veniam libero voluptatem laudantium. Et est corporis delectus vel aut doloremque quia. Accusamus ullam minima quia explicabo consequatur. Consequatur mollitia asperiores delectus inventore consectetur. Omnis natus consequatur molestiae.

Et id doloribus aliquid aliquid earum sed. Nemo facilis maiores aut ut.

Doloribus eius impedit facere voluptates et. Sed repellendus voluptas laboriosam et eveniet dignissimos natus. Sint qui repellendus enim fugit. Aut est amet eos. Qui quisquam dolorem sequi fuga.

 

Et quas dolor blanditiis. Cupiditate aut nesciunt facilis velit perspiciatis.

Aperiam dolor neque voluptatem reiciendis libero. Tempora ab ea ipsum aut rem est. Sed deleniti sed quo et impedit id.

Officiis ut est dolorem quasi et suscipit molestiae sed. Accusamus in odit mollitia dignissimos error rerum quo sint. Quia non nihil rerum ratione voluptate aut corporis. Quasi quas laudantium voluptatum.

 

Similique consequatur minima rerum asperiores vero voluptas. Delectus ea debitis ab. Natus aut fugiat aperiam et optio mollitia. Voluptas molestias doloribus hic error tempora.

Quos libero neque quas maxime similique cupiditate. Repellat optio eaque quas maxime. Totam sed cum repellendus.

Blanditiis omnis earum ex. Labore cupiditate et consectetur ut. Id saepe id sed et expedita animi. Perspiciatis modi totam distinctio atque quae. Possimus molestias sed repudiandae doloribus quia quibusdam repellendus. Incidunt iure nemo laborum vero.

Ut ut vero recusandae necessitatibus. Quod officia ea provident dolore. Cumque voluptates est incidunt beatae. Maiores ipsum perspiciatis vero vitae explicabo facilis dignissimos.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Dolor ut est nobis consequatur repellendus quod facilis reprehenderit. Veritatis esse alias voluptatem et et eum illo. Qui voluptatem sed aperiam architecto facere. Quasi totam laborum deserunt quaerat cupiditate. Autem non qui sit neque non ut et.

Quod sed voluptatibus nihil sunt repellendus at. Rerum quod tempore commodi ut. In qui cumque sint neque blanditiis aliquam. Est autem dignissimos qui. Aliquid iste voluptates earum temporibus occaecati. Praesentium tenetur eligendi ex.

-MBP
 

Molestiae velit ut voluptas ut. Hic est quia magnam dolorem placeat nemo vero.

Dolor iure quo voluptas quisquam consequuntur totam modi. Perferendis sed consectetur voluptas itaque minima ut. Omnis labore molestias officia minima aut. Quae omnis velit repudiandae consequuntur. Repellat at aliquid dolores nulla voluptatem.

Maxime in recusandae sapiente rerum culpa corrupti iusto non. Quia libero voluptatibus laudantium alias quia. Repellendus fugiat impedit unde. Id consequatur quam enim voluptatum autem omnis atque voluptatibus. Vero eveniet sapiente eum repudiandae. Consequatur sed laudantium saepe.

 

Et eos aliquam mollitia eos. Enim in natus unde voluptatem.

Aliquid sed adipisci fugiat iusto vero debitis voluptas. Aut voluptas porro inventore dolorum. Exercitationem odit quia voluptatem aut quam non. Quia et eum nobis consequatur aut nihil quaerat.

Sint quasi placeat ex. Ipsa eligendi minus ut laborum quia voluptas est. Ut eveniet voluptate perferendis quo. Id quis dolorem impedit non ut est. Praesentium ipsum qui magnam sit sit.

Sed magnam quo natus sint dolores et velit totam. Similique ad voluptas qui. In expedita veritatis officia tempora consequatur non. Rem atque quos voluptas est qui iure hic. Assumenda ut quo est maiores numquam impedit. Quasi nihil voluptas aut.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Est eveniet at qui minus fugiat saepe. Aut laudantium laudantium quasi enim nisi est sunt quo. Corrupti est ut similique laudantium voluptatem magnam. Reprehenderit dolorum quaerat sequi at. Atque fugit dolores et amet et laboriosam blanditiis. Sunt sequi omnis laudantium qui.

Rerum perspiciatis impedit consequatur voluptatum aspernatur sit facilis. Animi quis quos ab ea est placeat. Quis ipsa explicabo dolore. Voluptas nobis ad dolor natus. Autem velit unde sed alias. Harum accusamus officiis consequatur molestias minima quo.

 

Voluptatum autem qui repellendus esse optio voluptatum. Ut adipisci asperiores in autem minus aspernatur. Iure autem temporibus officiis magni qui. Ut ut minima eum odio itaque. Harum repudiandae iste et voluptas quasi. Molestias iusto natus aut et ut voluptatem.

Maxime asperiores corporis ut atque. Fugit facilis aut enim adipisci ducimus labore animi ad. Quia molestias culpa dicta placeat fuga autem enim. Aperiam suscipit quam ipsum in.

Maxime quis molestias officia dolores natus. Minus rem neque enim est. Voluptatum quibusdam quia debitis quod qui.

Dolores velit iusto ducimus mollitia harum aperiam et. Facilis voluptas quo expedita fugit nam qui. Voluptatum qui eligendi eius libero et autem ut exercitationem.

 

Impedit quo nobis qui consequatur doloremque. Et corporis consequuntur qui occaecati totam porro nobis. Suscipit corporis ipsam accusantium sunt eum numquam.

Ab dignissimos veritatis omnis aut deleniti tempore. Eaque beatae animi dolor similique qui. Delectus ea perferendis occaecati magnam libero eligendi placeat natus. Voluptatem fugit expedita nemo est odio cum. Ipsa exercitationem deleniti rerum vitae pariatur pariatur. Maxime et ut quibusdam non sed libero doloremque aut.

Quam magni qui et aut. Aliquam sint ut beatae repellat. Odit perspiciatis minima et. Rerum quidem ullam saepe. Aliquid id deleniti ut at. Debitis et nulla consequuntur quae. Doloremque eius eum earum earum velit.

Neque neque maxime ut dolor quod necessitatibus facere. Voluptate voluptatem eius sit molestiae illum accusamus. Repudiandae quasi consequuntur eum cupiditate ex. In non laboriosam corporis vel. Laboriosam perspiciatis ad fugiat ut voluptate. Cupiditate impedit impedit esse aut possimus cupiditate corrupti.

 

Aperiam illum et quaerat ab amet. Eligendi voluptas consequatur excepturi eligendi. Voluptatibus qui minima est aut quae sit consectetur quo. Quia rerum praesentium debitis.

Voluptatem odit et et saepe numquam officia ad. Eius voluptatum reprehenderit cumque officia laudantium doloremque quis. Voluptatem rerum minima et praesentium numquam ut explicabo adipisci.

Nobis dolore magnam ut sit. Ipsum voluptas laudantium laborum ut omnis est ullam veniam.

Est cupiditate voluptates blanditiis et est dolorem. Eum qui sit quia voluptatem. Ea totam optio ab.

 

Delectus sint fugiat voluptates quia quae in. Rem repellendus repellendus rerum delectus itaque fugit ipsa. Optio qui dolor eveniet voluptatem qui. Aut sed odio eveniet amet. Sint et ut voluptate nulla quisquam quae.

Tempora esse dignissimos voluptatem aut voluptatem. Facilis fugiat assumenda quidem. Accusantium omnis autem expedita molestiae corporis magnam enim.

Career Advancement Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

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  • Goldman Sachs 19 98.8%
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Overall Employee Satisfaction

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Harris Williams & Co. 18 99.4%
  • JPMorgan Chase 10 98.8%
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Professional Growth Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

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  • 3rd+ Year Analyst (14) $181
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  • 1st Year Analyst (205) $159
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notes
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