Why It's a Good Time to Buy Gold & Silver

The recent announcement by the FED to pull back on its latest round of QE (which was highly unprecedented and extremely accommodative by all measures) has sent markets tumbling. This recent tribulation is a response to the mere intent of simply slowing down the rate of monetary expansion. The FED has not announced any plans to halt open-market purchases or to engage in open-market sales. The next couple of months, therefore, will constitute a serious test for the soundness of our monetary system.

Will Bernanke allow the real economy to stand on its own two feet and begin to unwind the asset bubble that he has inflated in the bond market, or will he (or his successor) decide to pursue banana-republic style monetary policy? Will Obama jeopardize the political position of his party in the upcoming elections by allowing a correction in securities markets?

If you've been paying attention at all over the last 6 years then the answers to these questions should be quite obvious.

Now, I don't want to get into a discussion/debate about the efficacy of Bernanke's monetary policy over the past few years. Some say that he saved the economy, others claim that he merely replaced one bubble with another ala Greenspan, and others simply assert that QE2 and QE3 has had no noticeable effect on the real economy. Getting bogged down in this sort of discussion is very tempting but ultimately barren/irrelevant to the discussion at hand.

I just want to highlight some facts about gold and silver:

1. The recent pull back in commodities makes them very cheap relative to the S&P and DJIA
2. Bernanke will most likely be replaced by a dove
3. The supply conditions for both gold and silver have remained fairly stable (world-wide silver shortage and demand for gold on the part of central banks is still on the rise)
4. The bubble in the bond market will eventually end, and when yields rise investors will turn to alternate asset classes

Therefore, and for the reasons above, I think this is a good time to get back into commodities.

 
Best Response
JasonLoh:

I recently chance upon this chart. Maybe that would put some perspective into our analysis of gold.

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ITm1zjCw3Mg/T58L9o-098I/...

That chart is over a year old, which means that it entirely ignores my argument/my rationale for getting back into gold at this particular moment. Also, it appears to severely understate the actual inflation rate. Thank you for your contribution to this thread though.

Mitt Romney:

I don't get the banana republic reference.
Elaborate..?

Perpetual monetary expansion and debt monetization for political purposes. In other words, a central bank that is not politically independent.

Martinghoul:

The "bubble" in the bond market appears like it's ending and it's the reason for the selloff in gold and other stuff. It's just a function of higher real rates, so you got your point 4 completely backwards.

Can you please elaborate? Are you saying that inflation and high interest rates cannot coexist? If so, then I would recommend you buy any basic monetary economic textbook and read the chapter on interest rates and Milton Friedman's contribution to the issue. Also, inflation doesn't affect real interest rates.

The main reason why point 4 isn't 'completely backwards' is because while it is true that higher interest rates will certainly have an adverse affect on the real economy and therefore the stock market, funds will go somewhere; they will chase the highest ROR. The asset class with the highest ROR will be commodities.

“Elections are a futures market for stolen property”
 

Uhm no, gold will fall below $1,000 within a year, my guess is by December, and then that's it until the next crisis. Wait until it hits $600 to buy, or at least until it stops falling...this bubble was a fear trade and now it's deflating. How someone like Paulson is getting hosed on gold a la odd lot theory, I have no idea, but people aren't buying gold out of fear of the world ending anymore....you missed this party

Short the fuck out of everything gold

Get busy living
 

Huh? When did I say anything about inflation and high interest rates coexisting? If inflation doesn't affect real interest rates, maybe you can tell me exactly what real interest rates are, in your definition?

Like I said, real rates in the US are going up. 10y TIPS real yield has gone nearly 120bps in a straight line in 2 months, from -60bps to +60bps. Given the pretty universally accepted existence of a relationship between low real rates and high prices of gold, what is happening to gold is perfectly reasonable and easily explained. I advise you to use Google and find a lot written on the subject.

In the meantime, I leave you with this here image: http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/images/OB-XY561_Goldra_P_201306241115… (sorry, I don't know how to embed an image)

 
Martinghoul:

If inflation doesn't affect real interest rates, maybe you can tell me exactly what real interest rates are, in your definition?

Google 'real interest rates', or the the 'fisher effect.'

Martinghoul:

Given the pretty universally accepted existence of a relationship between low real rates and high prices of gold, what is happening to gold is perfectly reasonable and easily explained.

The relationship is spurious, and I'm pretty sure that you're conflating interest rates in general with real interest rates. Also, I'm not sure that the correlation even exists. Silver reached a global maximum when real interest rates were at all-time highs (1981-82). Gold also hit an all-time high, in real terms, during this period.

Can you please explain the logic behind the relationship? Why are commodity prices inversely related to real interest rates? I have heard this theory before, but it always had to do with the idea that high interest rates mean low inflation and low interest rates mean high inflation--which is simply incorrect.

“Elections are a futures market for stolen property”
 
Esuric:
Martinghoul:

If inflation doesn't affect real interest rates, maybe you can tell me exactly what real interest rates are, in your definition?

Google 'real interest rates', or the the 'fisher effect.'

Firstly, pls note that I asked for YOUR definition of real interest rates, in your own words, rather than a reference to what someone somewhere wrote. I don't need to know what real rates are, as I interact with them every single day in the market. I want to know what they mean to YOU and what your statement "inflation doesn't affect real interest rates" is based on.
Martinghoul:

Given the pretty universally accepted existence of a relationship between low real rates and high prices of gold, what is happening to gold is perfectly reasonable and easily explained.

The relationship is spurious, and I'm pretty sure that you're conflating interest rates in general with real interest rates. Also, I'm not sure that the correlation even exists. Silver reached a global maximum when real interest rates were at all-time highs (1981-82). Gold also hit an all-time high, in real terms, during this period.

Can you please explain the logic behind the relationship? Why are commodity prices inversely related to real interest rates? I have heard this theory before, but it always had to do with the idea that high interest rates mean low inflation and low interest rates mean high inflation--which is simply incorrect.

The relationship I describe is exactly as spurious as any other "no arbitrage" type of relationship. Which is to say, there's ample empirical evidence that it holds most of the time. Notice that I said "most of the time", rather than "all the time". Just like in any market, there can be periods where things get out of whack. The logic behind the relationship is trivial. It's just a matter of opportunity cost (you can formulate it in terms of uncovered interest rate parity, if you like). When real return on your USD (TIPS real yield) is high (or, put it another way, it costs you more to borrow USD) and assuming all else remains equal, holding gold in your portfolio becomes less attractive. Anyways, I will leave this with you to think about.

If you want a more in depth discussion of the subject, including a debate about the point I mentioned above (the authors aren't as convinced of this as I am, but that's 'cause they're academics), check this out: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2078535

 
Esuric:
JasonLoh:

I recently chance upon this chart. Maybe that would put some perspective into our analysis of gold.

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ITm1zjCw3Mg/T58L9o-098I/...

That chart is over a year old, which means that it entirely ignores my argument/my rationale for getting back into gold at this particular moment. Also, it appears to severely understate the actual inflation rate. Thank you for your contribution to this thread though.

Mitt Romney:

I don't get the banana republic reference.
Elaborate..?

Perpetual monetary expansion and debt monetization for political purposes. In other words, a central bank that is not politically independent.

Martinghoul:

The "bubble" in the bond market appears like it's ending and it's the reason for the selloff in gold and other stuff. It's just a function of higher real rates, so you got your point 4 completely backwards.

Can you please elaborate? Are you saying that inflation and high interest rates cannot coexist? If so, then I would recommend you buy any basic monetary economic textbook and read the chapter on interest rates and Milton Friedman's contribution to the issue. Also, inflation doesn't affect real interest rates.

The main reason why point 4 isn't 'completely backwards' is because while it is true that higher interest rates will certainly have an adverse affect on the real economy and therefore the stock market, funds will go somewhere; they will chase the highest ROR. The asset class with the highest ROR will be commodities.

You dont seem to get the point. The point is that Gold is still at a very highly 'overvalued' level. If it can drop from an inflation adjusted 1800 to 750 in 4 years, and continue its downtrend for the next 15 years, it is highly likely that the same scenario will play out in gold.

 

I would set a target for gold of at least 1100 over the next few months. It could probably drop to sub-1000, but I think it will certainly encounter some resistance at the 1000 level.

Rising yields + Low inflation + stronger USD = DO NOT BUY GOLD

 
Martinghoul:

I want to know what they mean to YOU and what your statement "inflation doesn't affect real interest rates" is based on.

It's based on the commonly understood scientific definition that you will find in any basic text. From google:

Wikepdia:

The real interest rate is the rate of interest an investor expects to receive after allowing for inflation. It can be described more formally by the Fisher equation, which states that the real interest rate is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.

Martinghoul:

The relationship I describe is exactly as spurious as any other "no arbitrage" type of relationship. Which is to say, there's ample empirical evidence that it holds most of the time. Notice that I said "most of the time", rather than "all the time".

I understand the notion of arbitrage but I don't see how it applies. The empirical evidence that you cite is extremely limited, and you have failed to demonstrate causation. You simply state that there is a correlation for 'x' amount of time (which is limited) and conclude that this is how it's going to be in the future. This is textbook cum hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy.

Martinghoul:

The logic behind the relationship is trivial.

Interesting

Jasonloh:

You dont seem to get the point. The point is that Gold is still at a very highly 'overvalued' level.

The point is that it's not overvalued, and for the reasons I raise in this thread. You're comparing an asset class in one period to the very same asset class in another period. This is ridiculous; it's like saying that the DJIA is 'clearly overpriced' because 'it was at 1,000 in 1986 and is at 14,000 today.' The DJIA also suffered very dramatic declines in previous periods. The point is that gold and silver are still cheap relative to stocks and definitely cheap relative to bonds (based on historical trends).

Jasonloh:

If it can drop from an inflation adjusted 1800 to 750 in 4 years, and continue its downtrend for the next 15 years, it is highly likely that the same scenario will play out in gold.

Why, and based on what?

“Elections are a futures market for stolen property”
 
Esuric:
Martinghoul:

I want to know what they mean to YOU and what your statement "inflation doesn't affect real interest rates" is based on.

It's based on the commonly understood scientific definition that you will find in any basic text. From google:

Wikepdia:

The real interest rate is the rate of interest an investor expects to receive after allowing for inflation. It can be described more formally by the Fisher equation, which states that the real interest rate is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.

Martinghoul:

The relationship I describe is exactly as spurious as any other "no arbitrage" type of relationship. Which is to say, there's ample empirical evidence that it holds most of the time. Notice that I said "most of the time", rather than "all the time".

I understand the notion of arbitrage but I don't see how it applies. The empirical evidence that you cite is extremely limited, and you have failed to demonstrate causation. You simply state that there is a correlation for 'x' amount of time (which is limited) and conclude that this is how it's going to be in the future. This is textbook cum hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy.

Martinghoul:

The logic behind the relationship is trivial.

Interesting

Jasonloh:

You dont seem to get the point. The point is that Gold is still at a very highly 'overvalued' level.

The point is that it's not overvalued, and for the reasons I raise in this thread. You're comparing an asset class in one period to the very same asset class in another period. This is ridiculous; it's like saying that the DJIA is 'clearly overpriced' because 'it was at 1,000 in 1986 and is at 14,000 today.' The DJIA also suffered very dramatic declines in previous periods. The point is that gold and silver are still cheap relative to stocks and definitely cheap relative to bonds (based on historical trends).

Jasonloh:

If it can drop from an inflation adjusted 1800 to 750 in 4 years, and continue its downtrend for the next 15 years, it is highly likely that the same scenario will play out in gold.

Why, and based on what?

Well for DJIA, the metric I guess would be trailing PE.

But for gold, what is the metric? What is the point for gold? It is mainly a hedge against inflation isn't it? So analogically against the DJIA trailing PE, gold was at its peak and could be in a secular decline.

And why gold can go down, there are no basis..except it is extremely overcrowded. But the same can be said with your argument.

 
Esuric:

It's based on the commonly understood scientific definition that you will find in any basic text. From google:

Wikepdia:

The real interest rate is the rate of interest an investor expects to receive after allowing for inflation. It can be described more formally by the Fisher equation, which states that the real interest rate is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.

Superb... So we have this nice equation old man Irving has given us, namely real rate = nominal rate - inflation. I would like to understand how you reconcile it with your statement made earlier that "inflation does not affect real rates". Can you pls enlighten me?

I understand the notion of arbitrage but I don't see how it applies. The empirical evidence that you cite is extremely limited, and you have failed to demonstrate causation. You simply state that there is a correlation for 'x' amount of time (which is limited) and conclude that this is how it's going to be in the future. This is textbook cum hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy.

In general, I agree that looking at two charts and suggesting causation is a dangerous game. However, I have specifically described the mechanism of causation through the simple phenomenon called "opportunity cost". You must have missed it. If you'd like we can perform a simple thought experiment that might convince you of the merit of my argument. Pls don't hesitate to let me know.
 
JasonLoh:

And you also said that the bond bubble is about the burst. Granted that might be true, but what makes you think it will flow into gold, which is just a piece of metal? Why not equity?

Bingo. Both bonds and fixed income will do well. The whole concept of QE was to stabilize the system and at the same time fill in as much of the hole as possible from 2008. When the buying winds down, liquidity will flow to the things with actual value and/or returns. Probably the biggest winner will be dividend paying stocks. Later on down the road, wages are going to have to increase and the tax rates go down to prevent serious systemic instability, but that's looking 5-15 years down the road, and beyond the scope of this conversation....but a good starting point to think about the next 'crisis' given prophylaxis isn't the US's strong point.

Respectfully, I think a lot of "analysis" currently floating around is more a projection of how people either think the world should be or how they wish it would be. People are looking for simple correlations that often manifest in a more stable environment, but the overarching mechanics of the system we function within require more thought than simply plugging in a ratio. Figuratively speaking, the automatic transmission mindset is falling behind those who know how to drive stick, but there's still plenty of money to be made.

Also, the institutions such as Goldman who are predicting gold price declines take a cautious outlook because they have to. I am not currently an analyst, so I am more free to speak my mind: gold is falling an average of roughly $10 a day depending on what period you look at, just project those numbers forward. Given how WRONG everyone's been, that's as good a methodology as any LOL. Gold's average price stayed at a couple of hundred bucks for decades, so once it approaches that level it becomes a good long term investment. Psychologically, the $1,000.00 point is significant, so I agree with poster above who expects resistance, but once it falls through the $900 range I'm thinking the decline will accelerate. My honest guess is that it will stop at between $450 and $600.

If gold prices start rising again on some other driver, then buy, but why people are pouring money into a declining asset baffles me....they might have to wait decades for another gold bubble, maybe longer.

Get busy living
 
JasonLoh:

And you also said that the bond bubble is about the burst. Granted that might be true, but what makes you think it will flow into gold, which is just a piece of metal? Why not equity? Also, what metric did you use to evalute that gold is cheap to the benchmark?

Historically, the DJIA to gold ratio has been 11-1, which is where it’s at right now. While this does not support my argument, it does indicate that gold isn’t as ‘extremely overvalued’ as others have asserted. Also, if you ignore the early-to-mid 2000s, this average falls to 9-1, indicating some room for growth. The point I’m emphasizing, though, is that while historical trends/averages are useful, it’s only one variable among many, most of which are pointing to higher gold prices (though in the immediate future prices seem likely to continue their decline).

The reason why I think higher yields (a deflating bond bubble) will benefit commodities more than equity is two-fold. First, higher yields (in excess of what Bernanke is paying banks to ‘park’ reserves at the FED) will increase lending and therefore increase the supply of money in circulation. This will set-off the money multiplication process and therefore constitute a natural, monetary expansion which, in my opinion, will be yield inflation (due to the magnitude of Bernanke’s monetary injections over the last 5 years). Inflation, as everyone knows, (1) hurts fixed income, including bonds and preferred stock and (2) helps commodities traditionally viewed as inflation hedges, such as gold and silver. Higher yields will also hurt the real economy, which will translate into additional pressure on the stock market.

This is merely one factor. Here are a few others that I have highlighted in my attempt to justify my long-term bullish position on gold/silver:

  1. Central banks around the world are still buying gold en masse, and there are still massive, world-wide silver shortages
  2. Gold and silver reached global maximums in an environment of high interest rates and slow economic growth (which is where we’re headed)
  3. Ben Bernanke’s replacement will almost certainly be a dove
  4. The political will for prudent monetary policy is nonexistent
Martinghoul:

would like to understand how you reconcile it with your statement made earlier that "inflation does not affect real rates". Can you pls enlighten me?

Real interest rates are determined by (a) the interplay of the supply and demand for loanable funds, as determined by time preference and the productivity of capital at the margin and (b) risk considerations, primarily default risk. It deals with 'real' economic conditions.

Nominal interest rates are real interest rates + an inflation premium that lenders demand in order to protect their real return. It has nothing to do with real, underlying macroeconomic fundamentals in capital markets. It is an adjustment made. This is how economists have categorized and defined two separate phenomena.

I will not discuss this any longer. If you want to know more about it, please read Mishkin's monetary economics text, or do some online research.

Martinghoul:

If you'd like we can perform a simple thought experiment that might convince you of the merit of my argument.

Please, go right ahead.

“Elections are a futures market for stolen property”
 
Esuric:
First, higher yields (in excess of what Bernanke is paying banks to ‘park’ reserves at the FED) will increase lending and therefore increase the supply of money in circulation.

I fundamentally disagree with this statement.

This to all my hatin' folks seeing me getting guac right now..
 
Esuric:
Martinghoul:

would like to understand how you reconcile it with your statement made earlier that "inflation does not affect real rates". Can you pls enlighten me?

Real interest rates are determined by (a) the interplay of the supply and demand for loanable funds, as determined by time preference and the productivity of capital at the margin and (b) risk considerations, primarily default risk. It deals with 'real' economic conditions.

Nominal interest rates are real interest rates + an inflation premium that lenders demand in order to protect their real return. It has nothing to do with real, underlying macroeconomic fundamentals in capital markets. It is an adjustment made. This is how economists have categorized and defined two separate phenomena.

I will not discuss this any longer. If you want to know more about it, please read Mishkin's monetary economics text, or do some online research.

Right, so now you're quoting me a different source and dropping a different name? What happened to Ole Man Irving's "real rate = nominal rate - inflation rate" equation? Just when I thought we were getting somewhere, it turns out it wasn't good enough? At any rate, believe it or not, but I actually happen to trade a LOT of inflation (it's a core part of my mandate). With that in mind, I would strongly urge you to spend some quality time thinking about it yourself, rather than referring to this or that textbook. What are and have always been the most common observable instantaneous rates in the overwhelming majority of financial markets? Hint, you should always heed Ole Man Irving. As to not discussing this any further, that's perfectly fine with me.
Esuric:
Martinghoul:

If you'd like we can perform a simple thought experiment that might convince you of the merit of my argument.

Please, go right ahead.

Excellent. So I present to you the following: State A: I have $1000 in my portfolio; gold is trading in the mkt at a price of $1000/oz; real yield over my investment horizon is -1%. The latter condition means that if I were to invest my $1000 into the safest possible inflation-linked available instrument (TIPS), my gross real return per annum will be -1%.

State B: I have $1000 in my portfolio; gold is trading in the mkt at a price of $1000/oz; real yield over my investment horizon is 1%. Now, if I were to invest my $1000 into the same TIPS, my gross real return per annum will be 1%.

So my question to you is the following. Given the above and all else being equal between the two states, in which of them, A or B, am I more likely to spend $1000 to buy 1 oz of gold?

 
Cruncharoo:
Esuric:

First, higher yields (in excess of what Bernanke is paying banks to ‘park’ reserves at the FED) will increase lending and therefore increase the supply of money in circulation.

I fundamentally disagree with this statement.

Maybe because you were a math major?

Martinghoul:

Given the above and all else being equal between the two states, in which of them, A or B, am I more likely to spend $1000 to buy 1 oz of gold?

I wanna say A, but all other things are not equal. The analysis is oversimplified. The fundamentals for gold are changing (supply/demand conditions are favorable), high interest rates will put pressure on earnings and on real incomes, and inflation expectations are entirely ignored in your analysis. Again, if this relationship were true, then gold/silver prices wouldn't have reached their peak in real terms (and even nominal terms for silver) when real interest rates were at an all-time high (of over 10%).

Though I wont deny the logic of your argument under the ceteris paribus condition.

“Elections are a futures market for stolen property”
 
Martinghoul:

Dupe, sorry, pls delete... This friggin' H-T-M-f*ckin'-L is doin' my head in!

Yah, I'm not a fan. It requires more effort to do things like this while I'm on a conference call:
Martinghoul:
HAALOOOOO! Welcome to Zamunda!
Get busy living
 

Lots of intellectual dick measuring in this thread (you need to have grown up in ancient Rome or be a devout Catholic to understand half of what Esuric is referring to).

I don't listen to anyone with an opinion on gold because I have never really heard a convincing argument for or against (except Glenn Beck, of course). The fact of the matter is that gold prices are completely irrational - the gold thesis changes seemingly every 5 years.

"For I am a sinner in the hands of an angry God. Bloody Mary full of vodka, blessed are you among cocktails. Pray for me now and at the hour of my death, which I hope is soon. Amen."
 
Esuric:
Cruncharoo:
Esuric:

First, higher yields (in excess of what Bernanke is paying banks to ‘park’ reserves at the FED) will increase lending and therefore increase the supply of money in circulation.

I fundamentally disagree with this statement.

Maybe because you were a math major?

Burn. So you're telling me that higher yields increase the money supply?

This to all my hatin' folks seeing me getting guac right now..
 

Enim voluptatum sit labore rem numquam porro esse. Aut dolorem possimus aliquam omnis illo. Magni officia architecto nobis minima. Similique non vel sint occaecati quo consectetur ducimus laudantium. Natus exercitationem qui quasi omnis maiores dolorem facere.

Molestiae tempora qui modi quia voluptatem. Consequatur aut quibusdam quidem numquam officia ut. Qui architecto molestiae doloribus perspiciatis. Sed consectetur nobis ut et.

Eos et id accusamus accusantium itaque veritatis neque. Expedita recusandae amet facilis facilis. Eveniet quas eius eum voluptatum est tenetur. Quo rerum corporis illum earum omnis.

“Elections are a futures market for stolen property”
 

Ut neque ab consequatur. Ea reiciendis nobis dolor corporis quis adipisci consequuntur. Aut voluptate qui et ea at veritatis animi. Nam fugit dignissimos aperiam ad est delectus.

Et est aliquam a rerum adipisci sunt. Facilis ea dolor eum necessitatibus. Eaque perspiciatis et fugit dolores. Aut aut vel maxime velit.

Quo voluptatem ipsam perferendis ut ut ipsa. Aut nemo voluptatem voluptas ut. Nostrum occaecati ut dolorem.

Career Advancement Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Jefferies & Company 02 99.4%
  • Goldman Sachs 19 98.8%
  • Harris Williams & Co. New 98.3%
  • Lazard Freres 02 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 03 97.1%

Overall Employee Satisfaction

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Harris Williams & Co. 18 99.4%
  • JPMorgan Chase 10 98.8%
  • Lazard Freres 05 98.3%
  • Morgan Stanley 07 97.7%
  • William Blair 03 97.1%

Professional Growth Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Lazard Freres 01 99.4%
  • Jefferies & Company 02 98.8%
  • Goldman Sachs 17 98.3%
  • Moelis & Company 07 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 05 97.1%

Total Avg Compensation

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Director/MD (5) $648
  • Vice President (19) $385
  • Associates (87) $260
  • 3rd+ Year Analyst (14) $181
  • Intern/Summer Associate (33) $170
  • 2nd Year Analyst (66) $168
  • 1st Year Analyst (205) $159
  • Intern/Summer Analyst (146) $101
notes
16 IB Interviews Notes

“... there’s no excuse to not take advantage of the resources out there available to you. Best value for your $ are the...”

Leaderboard

1
redever's picture
redever
99.2
2
Secyh62's picture
Secyh62
99.0
3
BankonBanking's picture
BankonBanking
99.0
4
Betsy Massar's picture
Betsy Massar
99.0
5
CompBanker's picture
CompBanker
98.9
6
GameTheory's picture
GameTheory
98.9
7
kanon's picture
kanon
98.9
8
dosk17's picture
dosk17
98.9
9
Linda Abraham's picture
Linda Abraham
98.8
10
DrApeman's picture
DrApeman
98.8
success
From 10 rejections to 1 dream investment banking internship

“... I believe it was the single biggest reason why I ended up with an offer...”