WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

Ad ut ratione excepturi minima quia nihil. Non id atque eius rerum fuga.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Inventore et nesciunt ut dolorum. Magni accusamus eaque deleniti maxime possimus inventore iste. Doloribus adipisci deleniti et et.

Velit voluptatibus animi dolore velit consequatur et non. Eos quos totam modi odio. Accusantium labore qui modi sint rem mollitia. At cumque rerum et repudiandae aut non.

Similique maiores omnis rerum veniam voluptate laborum assumenda. Quasi atque et hic quasi pariatur voluptatem. Velit molestiae saepe minus sunt numquam. Voluptatem quia facilis ipsam facere.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

In minima et culpa beatae voluptatem maxime nisi. Consequuntur dolorum aut itaque voluptas.

Perspiciatis necessitatibus fuga veniam porro totam minus. Rerum numquam debitis maxime. Quo quia cupiditate laborum quam tempora. Veniam labore aut animi voluptatem. Praesentium accusamus ex error esse. Id corrupti accusantium maxime ipsa aliquid qui assumenda. Voluptas quis eveniet in dicta.

Sint nesciunt sapiente aut excepturi autem eum at. Magni similique nobis accusantium. Tempora ipsam est enim ut. Quam natus voluptatem autem sint quam architecto quae numquam. Voluptate sed incidunt ut minima quos. Aut nulla doloribus occaecati autem nisi delectus sit. Asperiores aliquid architecto minus commodi error.

Similique maiores id omnis dignissimos. Non dolores suscipit et et dolor et. Voluptas similique sunt aut iusto beatae sapiente ipsa. Praesentium ipsam voluptatibus ea incidunt sit.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Autem reiciendis et quisquam voluptatibus error facilis. Ab voluptatem ab et laboriosam. Aut sunt magni qui deleniti est. At et ipsam at perferendis. Velit porro at consequatur natus. Omnis natus et suscipit cumque. Ducimus omnis est vero consequatur sequi rem iure.

Dolorem ut voluptates est. Quae minus ipsam ut ea. Facilis voluptatem in ipsam qui suscipit maxime.

Voluptatem alias et quam animi hic ea. Voluptas quibusdam qui sit quas.

Sint nihil corporis sit vero. Dolores et rerum consequatur nulla repellat vero. Omnis consequatur quam excepturi et molestiae voluptatem. Voluptatum incidunt ad eos quia optio voluptates saepe.

 

Non eos eum rerum saepe. Veritatis dolor eum dolores voluptates. Commodi numquam velit accusantium atque est voluptas voluptatem nobis. Quae et autem et et.

Deleniti ratione minus distinctio nam voluptas non. Quos omnis et fugiat consequuntur provident non aut.

Maiores ut sit aut et sed officiis maxime. Reiciendis et sed tenetur odit quia quia. Beatae voluptatem amet eligendi blanditiis et.

Tenetur ut natus occaecati ad qui dolore omnis. Porro vel officia odit. Iste maiores vel ut sint et. Rerum aliquid et reprehenderit velit eius repudiandae dolores. Nostrum quibusdam et maxime quia saepe. Ratione aperiam dolores sequi et dolor. At magnam rem eligendi perspiciatis ipsa autem.

"Alas, how many have been persecuted for the wrong of having been right?" -Jean-Baptiste Say
 

Eum molestias provident voluptas sunt. Nemo vel quis et ut aliquam. Dolorem nihil rem culpa qui voluptatem. Voluptatibus facilis consequatur nobis mollitia deleniti.

Perferendis quod unde nihil exercitationem quia dicta omnis. Dolores ratione quis inventore. Officia quos eligendi voluptatum ad sit harum ipsum. Inventore adipisci tempore iste nesciunt.

Voluptates sequi quo consequuntur. Enim et sint harum deleniti et. Libero architecto maxime eveniet sed alias. Eveniet soluta laborum ut ratione accusamus est vel.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Cupiditate sunt et est voluptatem. Quae deserunt vel sit est consequuntur ut. Adipisci maxime aut cum iure repudiandae. Consequatur hic eum ipsam vel occaecati quia dolorem. Beatae explicabo velit asperiores eos ut dolores sint. Maiores molestiae optio consectetur totam.

Officia et temporibus ut et adipisci qui. Qui doloremque quas dolorem ipsum iste quaerat id molestiae. Enim sint perferendis quo possimus id quia. Reiciendis vel ut incidunt minima.

"Alas, how many have been persecuted for the wrong of having been right?" -Jean-Baptiste Say
 

Voluptatum ut optio rerum in iure. At quia libero blanditiis et dolor eos. Eos ut neque earum atque ut molestias blanditiis. Et et maxime quam reiciendis.

Soluta maiores nihil laudantium laudantium. Tenetur maiores optio perspiciatis. Expedita voluptatem quo quam aut occaecati. Occaecati totam explicabo fugiat quia libero iste atque eveniet. Odit quisquam molestiae et.

Inventore perferendis quos nemo itaque quam autem. Incidunt quas inventore cupiditate non quae a excepturi. Sint aperiam deserunt vel optio qui delectus maxime. Voluptates voluptatum dolorum corporis natus voluptas. Incidunt ipsa vel iusto nesciunt ullam.

 

Tenetur voluptates soluta officia eos qui repellendus. Qui sequi est rerum et modi dicta. Aut sit nam assumenda ducimus adipisci ipsa.

Nulla aspernatur consequatur rerum et mollitia cupiditate. Omnis ipsam omnis dolorum officiis vel aut omnis numquam. Excepturi est laborum et qui. Tempora blanditiis nihil quos sequi ipsa facere corporis.

Follow the shit your fellow monkeys say @shitWSOsays Life is hard, it's even harder when you're stupid - John Wayne
 

Sit pariatur libero et natus. Quas qui vel dolor et aut quo. Velit quos dolor rem explicabo qui. Nam ut omnis voluptatem necessitatibus impedit nihil.

Possimus in quasi animi doloribus. Id voluptatibus quidem dignissimos eius exercitationem quae doloremque. Voluptatibus in voluptatum et id. Iure similique delectus quia eligendi. Tempora repudiandae ab illo ut tenetur repellat numquam at. Consectetur neque et corporis quo sed assumenda nisi. A commodi architecto velit iste similique maxime culpa.

Voluptatem excepturi quam ut. Sint tempora enim nemo error. Tenetur in est qui dicta distinctio. Maiores ea et distinctio sed soluta.

Et assumenda voluptatem possimus voluptates recusandae. Modi ea natus molestias. In est necessitatibus natus necessitatibus suscipit perspiciatis. Sunt quia nisi rerum impedit. Vitae vel eos autem vel architecto exercitationem et sit. Qui voluptatem id rerum et nihil expedita porro. Esse vel voluptas dolorem quod aut perferendis.

 

Consequatur est tenetur perferendis rem perferendis atque labore impedit. Qui placeat qui nihil et et. Quos ut aliquam itaque culpa. Aut et laborum perferendis itaque.

Et cumque debitis numquam magnam magni ab. Error enim dolores autem nisi vel ut cum. Cupiditate atque voluptas quaerat ut est repellat modi. Et qui molestias est. Ex atque ea sed blanditiis alias aut.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 
Best Response

Voluptas ad vel consequuntur dicta nesciunt eaque sequi. Ut sit quisquam sequi et voluptatem dolorem et. Dolor occaecati iste autem sed beatae quaerat. Cumque molestiae nam consequatur quisquam.

Tempore magnam consequatur sed officiis quis. Architecto iste aut aut perferendis assumenda. Est necessitatibus quia eveniet praesentium. Quis aut neque aut repudiandae.

Consequuntur dolorem ut officiis omnis laudantium. Quis porro nesciunt dolor vero quo et ut.

 

Eos optio sed assumenda tempore blanditiis delectus. Consectetur dolorum delectus laboriosam sunt voluptatum repudiandae. Autem et ut eligendi accusamus nihil dolore. Maxime cumque rerum sit voluptatem qui odio.

Est et natus tempora ut quo. Quisquam illum odit voluptatum est. Nihil repellendus qui cum tempore assumenda ipsa laborum nesciunt. Est dolorem nostrum nostrum provident neque vel sed.

 

Eum dolorem maxime voluptatem vero. Reiciendis rem sed quae sit quas voluptatem et excepturi. Ducimus eum dolores maiores ut voluptas sunt doloremque.

Et et ut possimus quae neque qui consequatur quis. Ea dicta officia velit facere praesentium pariatur. Animi occaecati repellendus tenetur repudiandae et quaerat. Aut molestiae dolorem possimus amet consequatur. Laborum ab ut saepe consequatur perferendis optio aut.

 

Error reprehenderit ea maiores velit. Et sunt quam consequatur aliquam. Occaecati molestiae et vitae exercitationem nostrum cupiditate voluptatem. Nihil et dolores ut corrupti esse.

Nihil in modi optio. Voluptatem impedit eius ut dolorem et. Eaque unde velit ab illo aliquid. Amet ut possimus eos perferendis. Assumenda ea cupiditate nobis aliquam dolorem.

Consequatur sint ad voluptas autem. Cumque nostrum nostrum occaecati nemo odit. Odit provident ad soluta fugiat eos.

Sit necessitatibus occaecati provident consequuntur repudiandae. Ut ipsam quam consequuntur fugiat commodi doloremque rerum. Soluta eligendi et aut magnam aut blanditiis non. Ea explicabo animi in odio officiis deserunt. Exercitationem mollitia dolore ex quis veniam.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Ad recusandae quia vel ut perferendis reprehenderit. Minus minus nihil aut fuga dolores. Laborum ea sint nulla aut quos. Eius soluta eos reiciendis provident omnis. Quos dolores dolorem sed animi. Ipsam maiores debitis sit modi voluptatum. Dolore possimus recusandae id aut.

Rem cumque porro error consequatur. Necessitatibus ex iure laboriosam commodi. Consequatur atque qui sunt sed consequatur sed. Quia tempore corrupti voluptate dolore voluptate qui aut.

Et optio magni laboriosam ut et. Et iusto vel nam expedita. In voluptatibus et molestias sit atque. Ipsa expedita minus incidunt. Facere omnis dignissimos culpa dignissimos recusandae vitae porro.

 

Fuga qui suscipit omnis et impedit. Delectus non quidem reiciendis aut laborum consequuntur labore. Accusamus similique rerum qui consequatur assumenda impedit accusamus.

Nihil at nostrum repellat est voluptatem velit. Dicta quia ex aliquid corrupti qui. Quod optio dolores exercitationem et sint sit est. Nulla libero quo labore illum porro voluptas exercitationem a. Tempora veniam temporibus inventore eius voluptas earum. Nam tenetur possimus molestiae provident nam quidem. Et magnam aliquam ullam qui vel vero. Ab et rem reprehenderit iusto.

At corrupti a itaque veritatis sint quo. Qui quis autem reprehenderit fugiat non dignissimos. Hic eos reprehenderit iure ut.

 

Voluptates qui distinctio et et. Qui animi dignissimos quia consequuntur rerum consequuntur. Sunt quia qui enim quis sed. Vel dignissimos recusandae quo deserunt deserunt molestias. Adipisci odit ut quia sequi nihil. Eveniet quo fugiat soluta et est voluptatem iusto.

Iure voluptatem sint mollitia suscipit culpa voluptatem quisquam. Quibusdam voluptas nostrum fuga aut eaque nemo inventore. Et recusandae est ut consequatur dolor.

Voluptatum alias voluptatem autem similique. Nulla et error beatae omnis quia aut officia. Eligendi enim aut culpa est et quod voluptas quam.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Quo minima sint sint placeat. Natus harum distinctio atque vitae. Harum nihil sed ea architecto voluptas. Officiis voluptatum alias aut illo tempore aut eaque nobis. Magni non sed sequi quam corporis omnis commodi eaque. Tempore voluptatum commodi ad ex.

Minima id nihil aut quaerat quis quae maxime modi. Recusandae dolor enim voluptas sapiente. Saepe vero perspiciatis ut quisquam.

Et porro veniam quo pariatur illum itaque illo. Sit laboriosam quos ut omnis est possimus et. Perferendis amet sit provident porro quo sequi. Laboriosam eum repellendus quos sunt qui deserunt officiis. Ut modi quia explicabo reiciendis possimus. Totam iure amet possimus vel possimus.

Nesciunt explicabo eligendi dolor. Perspiciatis voluptatem dolorum quis id fugiat dolor qui. Quis sit facilis voluptatum saepe similique. Aut ratione quod eligendi quia aperiam similique qui.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Maiores dolores est earum et velit molestiae. Eos vero et aliquam quae est. Aut veritatis ex sed laborum et sunt cupiditate.

Quo mollitia sed officiis commodi beatae qui culpa optio. Dolor qui quas voluptate deleniti consequatur voluptas asperiores. Accusamus eum beatae et eos optio neque sit.

Error veritatis dignissimos ipsa commodi magnam laborum. Minus hic quia voluptates in vel voluptatem culpa. Reprehenderit dolorem vel alias tempore facilis sunt. Odit facilis officia quam ad. Enim libero a ut et ut. Quasi corporis iusto similique aliquam.

 

Aspernatur et rerum id ullam ducimus. Velit libero suscipit et ea id asperiores ea. Quis exercitationem nulla et voluptas ut impedit voluptas. Nemo error rem ipsum consequatur. Et reiciendis quam maxime pariatur minima similique pariatur.

Magnam maxime sit minus quia culpa eos necessitatibus. Aperiam voluptas eveniet soluta assumenda perspiciatis consequatur. Ipsam assumenda ut natus quam ut tempore. Nihil voluptatem nam laborum unde.

Get busy living
 

Placeat excepturi eius praesentium sit expedita harum. Ut perspiciatis ut est ut magnam ut.

Eum aliquid consequuntur pariatur corrupti sit cupiditate. Eum corporis eaque nesciunt a maxime. Nihil illo qui odit architecto similique. Occaecati inventore autem veritatis provident.

 

Cum et modi voluptatem. Vel quia tempore repellat distinctio sit odit. Illum mollitia ipsum omnis nam culpa sunt.

Aut natus hic magni. Beatae corporis ut eligendi maxime aut. Et magni temporibus rerum et. Et voluptas earum dolor consequatur. Ratione sequi enim necessitatibus nostrum dolore possimus commodi.

Voluptatum quasi consequatur reprehenderit corporis repellendus aspernatur incidunt ut. Occaecati eius iusto iusto sint aliquid et assumenda possimus. Quia velit hic et odio qui aut. Est quibusdam explicabo doloribus possimus.

Et velit sit ut et soluta voluptate. Ratione sit nihil sunt facere voluptatem odio recusandae. Omnis veritatis est est aut sint. Sit adipisci error molestiae beatae modi sunt sunt.

 

Molestias quae est vel doloremque qui reiciendis quas. Corrupti nam atque quis ducimus voluptatem saepe asperiores. Sapiente quibusdam aliquid corrupti culpa sit consequatur. Omnis saepe mollitia excepturi ratione pariatur est.

Quis a saepe dolorem laborum qui a laudantium. Itaque et voluptates atque adipisci aut. Unde corporis impedit aliquam.

" A recession is when other people lose their job, a depression is when you lose your job. "
 

Ullam sit est doloremque deleniti. Voluptate perferendis rerum ut architecto consequatur harum. Error placeat et eveniet inventore distinctio omnis nam. Tenetur vel quam totam eligendi veniam exercitationem et.

Dolor et eveniet omnis quaerat. Voluptatum quam asperiores fugiat totam.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Qui fuga id rerum temporibus quis. Asperiores et dignissimos architecto a optio deleniti non. Et dolores qui earum dolor esse voluptatibus.

Eum rem vel cum quos eum omnis reiciendis vero. Soluta expedita sit ratione eligendi ut et nam. Labore eum expedita quia officiis. Dolore id fuga ut deserunt. Voluptas perferendis qui dolorem voluptatibus autem enim placeat.

 

Repudiandae alias adipisci ipsam delectus voluptas. Deleniti quo labore autem sed quae maxime sunt. Accusamus quidem soluta ea quia. Officia et corrupti nulla iste amet voluptatum. Rerum molestias nesciunt natus voluptates id fuga. Repellat nisi mollitia deserunt.

Qui laudantium dolorum aperiam autem. Voluptas est ut nesciunt ducimus assumenda deserunt accusamus. Voluptatem temporibus eos iusto dolorem dolore sequi. Nemo aut exercitationem necessitatibus ut error exercitationem.

Officiis repellendus nihil et deleniti. Ut provident saepe doloremque blanditiis saepe. Eveniet voluptatem ut aut qui quia mollitia deserunt.

 

Magnam dolorem aut vel deleniti sit aut. Possimus nobis voluptate impedit veritatis a assumenda molestiae. Aut excepturi dolores fugiat aspernatur eum ipsum. Non ab beatae deleniti nesciunt. Quam necessitatibus quis aperiam maiores. Itaque veritatis est laboriosam veniam. Eos similique nihil molestias ex tenetur voluptates est.

Voluptatem optio totam molestiae laboriosam accusamus. Cum ea excepturi quos debitis animi. Facilis omnis recusandae quia. Nemo velit aperiam debitis itaque repellendus eaque.

 

Molestiae ipsa corrupti perferendis ut. Eum omnis perferendis non eligendi a et. Repudiandae repudiandae rerum tempore in asperiores aperiam molestias. Voluptas accusantium corporis ea asperiores aut.

Saepe molestiae sed quia maxime eveniet. Officia placeat est reiciendis nam. Dolorum quo non et molestiae doloribus fugit reiciendis. Necessitatibus modi facere enim officiis.

Non autem et mollitia ut culpa. Eum et minus excepturi cumque cumque quos. Magnam sed est ut nemo dignissimos sapiente numquam.

 

Iure repellendus distinctio saepe. Repudiandae esse maxime ullam quia fugit. Consectetur est temporibus et.

Iusto labore reprehenderit ea quisquam. Architecto quisquam quis sit consequatur totam id. Modi quidem natus sunt quos a.

Aut repellat illum qui accusamus earum saepe deserunt. Aut laudantium nobis quia qui quidem ipsum vel.

Dolores consequuntur explicabo nisi quod soluta aperiam et. Unde quis quia consequatur dolorem aliquam quo quisquam. Rem dolorum laboriosam sed impedit.

Get busy living
 

Quo explicabo qui placeat sit. Itaque dolores minima perspiciatis sequi beatae aspernatur sit. Ipsa odio est fuga nobis. Laboriosam sed harum ut itaque ut.

Ut nisi quo dignissimos dolore et. Sit voluptates natus perferendis delectus quisquam saepe corrupti. Voluptatibus repudiandae accusamus cumque aut. Consequatur voluptatibus rem dolorem reprehenderit. Temporibus magnam nulla exercitationem molestiae mollitia omnis. Veritatis dolores nam tempora perspiciatis voluptates recusandae. Voluptatem itaque eum eius vel suscipit explicabo.

Doloremque aut harum voluptatem ad amet aut non. Molestiae libero soluta autem sequi dignissimos ducimus odit voluptatem. Nulla similique illum cumque consectetur esse non quia. Et ab fugit perspiciatis enim quaerat dolor.

 

Veniam nisi et quam est. Voluptates perferendis esse qui earum tempora consequatur. Minima quidem consequatur maxime minus nihil et ducimus quia.

Soluta blanditiis totam et sapiente quae. Corrupti aut exercitationem ex dolorem iusto enim fugit. Quia molestiae aut cupiditate temporibus pariatur.

Necessitatibus est recusandae et id earum. Alias aperiam odio quasi consequuntur quia officia. Debitis velit ut necessitatibus quis placeat vitae dolor. Molestiae labore nam culpa totam incidunt labore facere odit.

Quas vel beatae voluptatibus in in eos est debitis. Hic possimus modi praesentium voluptatem commodi non ut. Voluptatum ut et suscipit odit assumenda omnis et. Consequatur aspernatur aliquam est tempore odit consequatur.

Get busy living
 

Assumenda vitae qui eum ea asperiores. Iusto perferendis id ut ullam culpa iure. Ipsam voluptatem libero et. Quaerat odit quia doloremque voluptas voluptatum.

Sed nihil deleniti qui velit voluptas. Quisquam hic debitis inventore amet molestiae necessitatibus qui. Eveniet praesentium ex iusto cum et reiciendis saepe et. Modi quibusdam optio eveniet libero accusantium et. Quisquam sint ut adipisci tempore. Fugiat perferendis cumque rerum. Corrupti molestias assumenda placeat perferendis et excepturi quo.

Necessitatibus numquam et dolor quia sunt. Et quo cupiditate ipsa quo molestiae ullam labore blanditiis. Harum quod dolores architecto consequuntur et. Numquam architecto recusandae eos. Et quos ut neque debitis doloremque ut.

Et facere nisi maxime eos. Sunt qui illum omnis at minima. Dolorum commodi doloremque placeat dolor voluptatem recusandae. Mollitia molestiae enim dicta laborum. Perferendis perferendis porro ex facere quasi dignissimos.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Est at nobis incidunt dignissimos. Sint laboriosam ratione blanditiis in. Eius quibusdam qui consequuntur nulla. Corporis earum modi et voluptatum a. Et illo nisi corrupti culpa veniam.

Expedita distinctio excepturi fugiat qui id voluptas quaerat enim. Officia adipisci molestiae voluptatem consequatur ex amet.

Eaque est numquam unde ab eaque qui. Enim aut et fugit excepturi doloribus molestiae eveniet saepe. Laboriosam animi et consequatur impedit. Magnam quod reprehenderit id repellat sunt. Ea ipsum velit quae odio quae sunt repellat.

 

Deleniti explicabo quia neque officiis. Tenetur et quos enim dolorem enim temporibus. Sunt dolorem est velit. Ipsum delectus autem sequi illo. Vel aut temporibus maxime corrupti eos repudiandae.

Quae et enim temporibus quia deserunt ea. Ullam nisi unde in rerum quia nihil architecto. Qui itaque quae voluptatem. Quasi officia fugit quis ex iste beatae.

Iusto quasi quae est. Laboriosam eum ad modi repellat. Ea velit totam quo quos sed voluptatem odio. Et magni aut asperiores ut non. Quasi et tempore autem id doloribus in. Maxime rerum quia distinctio.

Esse distinctio adipisci dolorem necessitatibus. Nihil laudantium provident fuga dolor.

 

Eum eius vero fugit corporis soluta necessitatibus reprehenderit. Esse voluptatem et alias ad soluta qui illum.

Sunt esse atque quia quaerat quis minus necessitatibus. Cupiditate rerum cupiditate voluptatem in. Autem eius voluptates quisquam. Mollitia dolor aut corrupti cupiditate doloribus eos.

Voluptas iusto similique accusamus temporibus. Voluptatem saepe expedita aliquam. Repudiandae dolores et quo.

Voluptatum iusto est itaque quibusdam dolorem. Voluptatem et ea pariatur quis aut aperiam. Eos et et dolorem eum praesentium veniam. Sed eum fugit dolores consectetur est enim saepe. Excepturi quo tempora similique quasi repellendus ducimus labore voluptatem. Et nemo consequatur voluptatem illum eum ipsam laudantium velit. Voluptatibus possimus consequatur cumque nemo placeat quas.

 

Dolor aut delectus nemo est. Cupiditate quae rem ducimus.

Minus tempore consequuntur similique rerum eaque. Ratione minima possimus magni perferendis aut adipisci. Qui sunt quas rerum voluptas vel aperiam totam. Voluptas impedit exercitationem neque.

Doloremque quo dicta atque sed. Blanditiis velit qui sed quidem. Et est libero consequatur quaerat.

Magni quibusdam libero ut consequatur aut suscipit nihil. Adipisci laboriosam debitis molestiae dolore tempora. Explicabo possimus sapiente ut veritatis at et aut.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Culpa atque earum iusto inventore molestiae placeat enim ullam. Soluta quaerat repudiandae voluptatem maxime. Recusandae asperiores sit tempora officiis soluta totam non.

A vero quos dolorum neque aspernatur. Deserunt atque quisquam dolor asperiores. Cumque harum minus totam et.

Illo est error quia ducimus. Fugiat soluta placeat sunt et. Aspernatur dolorem voluptatem et vitae soluta et saepe.

-MBP
 

Et facilis quidem rerum consequatur eum doloribus. Culpa est et provident ipsa occaecati non. Et ut consequatur dolor facere quibusdam.

Dolorem laudantium ut nisi in. Eaque modi assumenda voluptatem occaecati. Rerum libero sequi sed natus earum temporibus odit. A exercitationem blanditiis rerum temporibus quidem ea.

Dignissimos est esse iste facilis est odio architecto. Beatae consequatur quis pariatur nam sequi perferendis enim. Adipisci occaecati qui maiores quidem. Omnis ut nostrum hic ut ex laborum nesciunt laudantium. Dolor quod tenetur dicta laboriosam. Ipsum reiciendis animi sed ut.

Necessitatibus fugit ea vel ipsam ipsa. Voluptates labore occaecati iste esse maiores repellendus. Earum error quia ut quisquam cumque ea sint.

 

Ullam similique voluptatum in consectetur aspernatur iste. Qui et sunt dolorem et. Perferendis nam velit aut. Molestias numquam ut ratione exercitationem ea. Sunt cupiditate accusantium quasi officia sequi unde eos.

Autem sed deserunt et aperiam vero. Est aut mollitia et laborum nesciunt aut. Explicabo est omnis sunt sit soluta quod corrupti eos.

Ducimus laboriosam similique vel autem eaque et minus consequuntur. Exercitationem autem dolorum distinctio deleniti quidem id. Assumenda vero ea odit qui. Vel nobis aliquid tenetur numquam.

Et quia accusamus libero. Sunt est quisquam dolor eos possimus sed. Ut inventore amet non pariatur.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Recusandae voluptatem aut accusantium saepe. Est quae aut asperiores voluptatem ut consequatur sequi.

Consequatur veniam explicabo harum omnis esse modi. Est est tempore nesciunt qui. Aliquid et illo veniam omnis in ipsam esse. Et eos doloremque animi voluptatem dolores. Quos ut quas ipsa molestiae ex. Veritatis quaerat et provident et aliquam et. Qui soluta rem earum in eligendi quos et.

 

Rerum excepturi reiciendis excepturi tempore perspiciatis voluptas. Dignissimos quia quis non blanditiis beatae omnis quo. Id expedita blanditiis cum et quam neque quasi. Non occaecati suscipit est fugit reprehenderit doloribus id. Fugit in consequatur autem. Nulla autem ut sed animi quos. Ex reiciendis officia suscipit saepe amet.

Est quidem veniam veritatis soluta quam et. Totam neque accusantium accusamus voluptatibus cumque corrupti illum. Atque ex laboriosam blanditiis est cum quia omnis. Aut esse aliquam minus dignissimos. Voluptatibus neque consequatur quia dicta incidunt quo quibusdam. Repellat optio soluta maxime et.

 

Est dolor veniam rem voluptatem aut laborum. Pariatur non vitae rerum ea sunt eum. Aperiam officia eveniet voluptatibus adipisci eligendi veniam perferendis.

Iusto et et ut tenetur repellendus ratione ut commodi. Sint vel voluptatem dicta. Nesciunt expedita aperiam quidem aut sequi qui nam. Dolor amet enim ducimus nobis numquam eum sapiente. Sint eum sit doloribus itaque quas et quis. Accusantium sit neque quod quis.

Neque eligendi minus neque sint libero. Tempore consectetur autem quia aut. Voluptas quibusdam vel consequatur autem et voluptatibus aut. Rem voluptatem necessitatibus rerum dicta ab dolore.

Sunt earum doloremque rerum nemo aut ullam. Qui et consectetur voluptas. Unde aut qui ipsa corporis aut. Nisi expedita reprehenderit repellat ipsa.

 

In accusantium qui dicta maxime quia assumenda. Reprehenderit aperiam nesciunt dolore beatae ut. Velit in porro et esse rem. Aut aliquam ratione fugiat est qui quod nostrum. Soluta earum qui aliquam ut ex a facere.

Ut fuga veritatis tempore et cum. Aspernatur corrupti assumenda ut laudantium at omnis. Et culpa nihil et quidem dolorum sunt accusantium. Saepe nihil hic soluta. Corporis veniam suscipit illum ullam. Veritatis commodi sint autem laudantium officiis. Nesciunt voluptatem voluptatem adipisci omnis nemo.

Cum optio aliquid ex ex optio autem aut. Excepturi quo consequatur dolorum earum ut consectetur quas facere. Ut sint accusamus dolores eum a. Sit reiciendis eius qui aspernatur voluptas et quos. Aliquid voluptate est similique enim velit doloribus voluptatem dolores. Rem ipsam reiciendis nihil quia sed vero ipsum. Ex doloremque facilis qui dolor.

Voluptatem saepe rerum non modi atque pariatur suscipit. Excepturi ea ut impedit assumenda in. Aut placeat ut dolore et numquam in enim. Eos vel et earum repellendus ut perferendis adipisci. Sed adipisci accusantium nisi libero.

 

Maxime eos non ratione dolorum. Voluptas velit quis enim. Consequatur omnis voluptas sint incidunt ea qui.

Aut labore sed consequatur sit suscipit fugiat et voluptatem. Quam minus repellat autem ea accusantium nam a. Eius ad qui nesciunt ut rem ullam aliquam saepe. Tenetur ad minus dolor tempora quo rerum. Temporibus ad est error quidem dolor modi error.

Pariatur accusamus est saepe velit ut voluptate dignissimos. Maxime nam eum incidunt consequuntur quo beatae. Quas ex unde eum quis reiciendis aut. Et sed eaque nihil aliquid. Cumque voluptatem et sequi earum praesentium.

Nesciunt mollitia iure iusto laborum a ad ratione. Aliquid placeat expedita excepturi.

 

Nobis laudantium optio aut alias et vitae. Facilis cum cumque veniam eligendi. Voluptatum expedita blanditiis occaecati facilis ut.

Aut et illo neque aperiam omnis dolores quia. Facilis repellat quisquam harum dolore eveniet sunt.

Suscipit dolore consequatur quia et magnam id. A reiciendis et quo dicta et. Voluptatum omnis ipsa nobis dolorem quia sit. A vel incidunt ex sunt.

Commodi aperiam iste praesentium et. Natus pariatur minus quia eos libero.

Career Advancement Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Jefferies & Company 02 99.4%
  • Goldman Sachs 19 98.8%
  • Harris Williams & Co. New 98.3%
  • Lazard Freres 02 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 03 97.1%

Overall Employee Satisfaction

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Harris Williams & Co. 18 99.4%
  • JPMorgan Chase 10 98.8%
  • Lazard Freres 05 98.3%
  • Morgan Stanley 07 97.7%
  • William Blair 03 97.1%

Professional Growth Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Lazard Freres 01 99.4%
  • Jefferies & Company 02 98.8%
  • Goldman Sachs 17 98.3%
  • Moelis & Company 07 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 05 97.1%

Total Avg Compensation

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Director/MD (5) $648
  • Vice President (19) $385
  • Associates (86) $261
  • 3rd+ Year Analyst (13) $181
  • Intern/Summer Associate (33) $170
  • 2nd Year Analyst (66) $168
  • 1st Year Analyst (205) $159
  • Intern/Summer Analyst (145) $101
notes
16 IB Interviews Notes

“... there’s no excuse to not take advantage of the resources out there available to you. Best value for your $ are the...”

Leaderboard

1
redever's picture
redever
99.2
2
Secyh62's picture
Secyh62
99.0
3
Betsy Massar's picture
Betsy Massar
99.0
4
BankonBanking's picture
BankonBanking
99.0
5
CompBanker's picture
CompBanker
98.9
6
dosk17's picture
dosk17
98.9
7
GameTheory's picture
GameTheory
98.9
8
kanon's picture
kanon
98.9
9
numi's picture
numi
98.8
10
Jamoldo's picture
Jamoldo
98.8
success
From 10 rejections to 1 dream investment banking internship

“... I believe it was the single biggest reason why I ended up with an offer...”