I am not allowed to make any errors

Definitely agreed that this fucking sucks, they sound kind of toxic, and doesn't sound like a place you want to be long-term. And also, very easy to feel like people are just being hypocritical and not even self-aware. That being said, a few things you could think about:

• Re: communication, I assume there's a generational element to this. In your example, assuming it's a late night and MD is pinging me about something I am confused about. I think the more "accepted" way would be to say that X piece is confusing, is it okay to send over a list of questions or quickly hop on the phone to discuss. A lot of boomers really don't appreciate the way "we" type (yes, I'm including myself in this) with 1-line messages that don't seem to end. I think it's an expectations thing - if you're constantly asking one-offs via Teams or email, they don't know when you're gonna stop asking questions / have figured it out, they themselves need to keep checking their phone, and it's hard to timeblock. Take their perspective: they're probably home with the fam. If they know a deck or questions are coming in, they can expect that and put that on their plate, versus constantly being online not knowing if what you're asking is truly urgent or if it can wait. I think that's what people mean by "better" communication (quantity !+ quality)
• Re: seniors making mistakes. This is true, and fucking annoying. However, keep in mind that their job is to first and foremost review your work, and then they "produce" whatever they produce without anyone checking anything they did, of course their shit is gonna slip through the cracks more than yours, because yours have been caught. There can also be an element of context to mistakes. TBH, I don't think tiny errors in DDQs or models are a huge huge deal and can be fixed up and iterated when the time comes. But if it's an IC memo or important pres that's already coming late then yes I imagine anyone would be a little salty if comments weren't turned, for example.
• Re: vacation and time off...I sort of agree with the idea of setting expectations. It really depends on how you frame it and how explicit you are. If you say, "hey, friends and I are gonna go to a buddy's lake house this week, but can be free if needed" that's a death sentence. If you say "We're taking a vacation to this lake and have a bunch of stuff planned each of the days. I can be free to jump on this call on Wednesday b/c I'm running the workstream, but other days will be more out of pocket. If there are small things I can handle at night then I will" that will set their expectation
• Attitude overall: I've found that taking an "ownership" attitude over workstreams works well. So for instance, trying to self-troubleshoot things before asking questions about tasks ("Hey I encountered this, maybe we do X to address this? what do you think?"). Not saying you or anyone has an attitude problem at all, but I think showing that you "care" in some way can kind of soften the blow sometimes if something gets fucked up (instead of defaulting to "oh they're lazy/don't care").

Like I said, chances are the place you work at is shitty with shitty people. But I'd think about things above to see if anything does apply and maybe can help make your life a little better in the meantime while you decide what to do. Bad market so would try to dual process leaving with increasing morale at your current place.