Intermediate Good

What is an Intermediate Good?

Intermediate good refers to a product utilized to produce other goods and services. In simpler words, they are the inputs of production required to have final goods or finished products for consumers. Examples include the use of steel in the construction and infrastructure industry.

Unlike final goods, they are not used by consumers as is. Hence, they are also known as semi-finished goods or producer goods.

These goods get changed beyond recognition during the production process or get subsumed by the final good.

For example, jute in the production of textiles undergoes a complete transformation, whereas sugar in the making of confectionary items acts as an ingredient in the final product.

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Intermediate goods are products used as inputs in the production of other goods or services. They are not final products but are utilized in the manufacturing process to produce consumer goods, capital goods, or other intermediate goods.
Examples include raw materials like steel, wood, and chemicals, as well as components like engines, microchips, and textiles. These goods are processed or assembled to create final products such as cars, computers, and clothing.
In economic measurements like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), intermediate goods are not counted separately to avoid double counting.
The cost of intermediate goods directly affects the production costs of final products. Fluctuations in the prices of intermediate goods can lead to changes in the prices of consumer goods and services.

Understanding Intermediate Goods

It is also essential to understand that goods can act as both intermediate and final, depending on their use. For instance, sugar in the abovementioned example serves as an intermediate input. However, it is a final good when consumers purchase it for domestic use.

It also includes goods used for resale. For example, it contains goods sold from a wholesaler to a retailer for resale. These goods are categorized as final goods only when they are sold to the final consumer by the retailer.

This distinction is well-defined and easily categorized according to the use of the product.

These goods are traded between industries and never leave the boundaries of the production sector. This implies they are sold among industries for resale or production.

A producer can produce and use his intermediary goods.
They can be made and sold to another producer to pay another intermediary input.
They can be created and sold to another producer to produce a final good.
They can be produced and further pledged to another producer for resale.

For instance, an automobile manufacturer can produce its parts to produce a car. The firm can also buy such inputs from another firm.

Furthermore, the firm can either sell the car to a car dealership as an intermediate good or directly sell it to the final consumer as a final good.

In all cases, the intermediary input is a part of the finished product. This gives us two essential characteristics.

Such goods are said to have a derived demand as their demand depends on the demand for the final good. If the demand for cars reduces, the demand for parts required to produce a car also reduces.
Their value is included in the value of the final good. The price of the car already consists of the price of its factor inputs.

How Intermediate Goods Work

Multiple firms can use intermediary inputs for different purposes because resources have alternate uses.

A typical example is the use of steel in the construction industry's production of bridges and other infrastructure and its simultaneous use by the automobile industry for producing cars and planes.

Note that the term 'good' here refers to economic goods. This includes both goods and services that have a benefit to society. About half the value of intermediate inputs comprises services.

For instance, a bank loan is a final product, but the services of a banker or the banking institution are considered intermediate services. Similarly, a photographer's services are intermediate in producing the finished good, the photograph.

It is essential to understand the distinction between intermediate goods and capital goods. Both capital and intermediary inputs are involved in the production process. However, unlike intermediary goods, capital goods do not change their form or get utilized.

For example, sugar used by a confectioner in making finished products is an intermediate good. On the other hand, the equipment used by the confectioner is a capital good as it can be used multiple times.

A more straightforward way to understand this distinction is that capital goods do not get used up during production. At the same time, intermediary inputs act as raw materials in production and lose their original form.

Intermediate goods and GDP

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) includes the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given period. It is considered a standard measure of the value added to goods and services through production processes.

The formula is:

Value-Added = Receipts of the Firm - The Cost of Inputs used

Since the value of intermediate goods is already included in the value of the final goods, it may create a problem of double-counting while calculating the GDP.

Intermediate Goods Example

Consider the following example; a car manufacturer buys a car engine as an intermediate product to produce a car for $1,000. He then sells the finished vehicle to a car dealership for $6,000 and then sells it to the final consumer for $9,000.

Engine sold for $1000
The car sold to the dealership for $6000
The car sold to the consumer for $9000

While calculating GDP, we cannot include the value of intermediary inputs; that is, the cost of the car engine and the car sold by the manufacturer to the dealership is not included.

We only include the value of the final good (here, $9000) as it includes the value of all intermediary inputs.

Thus, the addition to GDP = $9000

Alternatively, we can use the value-added method of calculating GDP, whereby the total addition to GDP is calculated as the sum of the value-added in each production stage.

Intermediate Good Example
Particulars	Value in $$$	Description
Value added by the engine manufacturer	1,000
(+) Value added by the car manufacturer	5,000	($6,000 - $1,000)
(+) Value added by the car dealership	3,000	($9,000 - $6,000)
(=) The total addition to the GDP	9,000	($1,000 + $5,000 + $3,000)