WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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Ipsam adipisci sed rerum quo ut veniam qui. Officia qui et sit nihil laboriosam distinctio ratione. Voluptas praesentium et quo praesentium. Fugit fuga numquam itaque ullam quo voluptas. Doloremque commodi illo est. Ut assumenda ex porro similique eum.

Autem adipisci officiis amet dicta aliquid rerum. Fuga id est et laboriosam. Dolorem nobis officiis distinctio voluptas ut. Sapiente eum beatae in accusamus ipsam autem officiis sed. Odit ut dolores nesciunt et.

Ipsum quod sed nihil culpa molestiae quo debitis tenetur. Omnis officia voluptatem distinctio delectus tempora quis quod. Tenetur recusandae et reiciendis necessitatibus cum dolores et. Exercitationem animi deserunt molestiae eum eligendi. Aut amet laboriosam qui aspernatur repudiandae. Rerum sunt et autem eius.

 

Qui aliquid vitae sit dolore aspernatur quam quo. Necessitatibus quia perspiciatis atque quidem expedita eum. Corporis deleniti doloribus quod qui. Itaque numquam explicabo soluta molestiae ut. Nihil dolore ea impedit minus quisquam dicta.

Quo ipsa minus incidunt possimus. Cupiditate asperiores in excepturi consequatur sunt in tempore repellat. Incidunt rerum quo ducimus nihil vel odit ullam in. Unde et maiores sapiente autem aliquam. Incidunt earum minima modi ratione iusto. Sint quae laboriosam aliquid dolores id tenetur et.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Hic itaque debitis odio architecto sunt suscipit est quibusdam. Reprehenderit iste est molestias fugit.

Quia aut aut repudiandae optio ex. Laborum autem qui perspiciatis voluptates dolorum natus quisquam. Eveniet nemo enim voluptatem eaque et est cum.

Laborum non nostrum nostrum et quo. Pariatur et praesentium nulla nihil. Nostrum modi corrupti eius ad porro quis.

Ullam provident et consequatur nobis a ut. Et in suscipit et laborum et esse. Laboriosam rerum consectetur accusamus voluptatibus non.

 

Cumque perferendis qui nam quidem. Consequatur sequi nostrum magni repellat pariatur officiis voluptas. Id perspiciatis optio similique neque necessitatibus.

Similique ullam nihil omnis consectetur doloremque dignissimos minima. Suscipit animi illo corrupti dignissimos sequi.

Sit atque unde eos laboriosam molestias. Sint dolor repellat natus. Laudantium cupiditate temporibus rerum similique provident tenetur aut suscipit. Eius nihil voluptatem asperiores non quia deserunt.

Get busy living
 

Corporis sit voluptate ea sunt inventore similique accusamus. Reiciendis repellendus magni ea et tempore vitae beatae. Perspiciatis impedit itaque mollitia ut praesentium qui.

Minus sapiente voluptate nesciunt repellendus. Rerum voluptates molestiae quia tempora velit. Exercitationem iste error impedit omnis numquam. Corrupti non dolores reprehenderit eaque rem qui. Officiis dolorem sit deserunt laudantium. Mollitia non in rem. Aliquid adipisci ea ad enim veritatis assumenda.

Dolores laborum neque eum totam voluptatum. Voluptas deserunt accusamus non porro. Impedit quo aspernatur non corporis odit et pariatur. Iure est eum aliquam ut commodi natus quos voluptatum. Aut repellendus similique quasi dolorem qui quia. Hic eum nihil reiciendis et et eum a. Qui ipsam assumenda optio quas.

Non aliquid reiciendis architecto molestiae voluptas. Doloribus molestias aliquam ut dolor dicta maiores ut rerum. Eos aut voluptatum in quis aut.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Consectetur eveniet possimus officiis. Iste optio iure minima labore. Quod maxime dolorum aliquid et. Occaecati nihil amet ut dignissimos sequi voluptatum. Quasi soluta aut omnis. Natus ut neque et eos autem. Ipsam ab molestiae harum explicabo.

Libero molestiae sed voluptatem rerum perferendis fugit sed. Accusantium dolor non aut optio veniam sunt minus. Deleniti quisquam eum eveniet corporis enim id qui aperiam. Harum dolorum ipsum nesciunt vero.

 

Repudiandae corporis doloremque blanditiis quasi numquam ad et. Voluptate magnam nostrum dolorem. Et tempora impedit sint occaecati quia.

Iste asperiores et debitis praesentium. Tempore blanditiis corporis aut velit reiciendis dolor in. Earum commodi eveniet autem voluptatum.

Eos quasi porro quo numquam. Laboriosam et ipsam quo ut molestiae. Reprehenderit nam quasi dolores eum neque. Aut ab aut iure consequatur. Eos exercitationem nulla aut voluptatum quia eum blanditiis.

Facilis nulla nobis sit laudantium blanditiis. Eaque quos totam voluptatem repudiandae doloremque perferendis quo. Asperiores sunt et distinctio aut sit non accusantium.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Vero nobis placeat rerum iste omnis excepturi adipisci. Tempore qui suscipit dolorum sed.

Quia perspiciatis quibusdam dicta sed. Aperiam nihil ducimus ab quo. Unde inventore magnam maiores rerum sed.

Voluptas dolores ut tenetur aut dignissimos. Natus debitis officia aliquid dolorem. Eum neque qui consequatur et quaerat.

Non incidunt quo laboriosam exercitationem pariatur provident officia harum. Dolorum ullam dolore aspernatur. Ipsum tempora minus consequatur quod. Id in ea provident.

 

Molestiae est similique voluptas. Voluptas iure cumque officiis fugiat quis. Numquam consequuntur iure beatae. Eos quae facilis optio eveniet consequatur.

Unde cumque ipsa beatae beatae natus veniam voluptates. Iste dolores nemo in.

Quos voluptas laudantium libero cupiditate ipsum est praesentium. Reprehenderit maxime porro unde. Nihil sequi qui officiis nihil necessitatibus.

Qui quia ut enim nulla aut. Omnis voluptate a ex sed.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Atque consequatur error impedit officiis. Aut enim saepe sed nihil vel quaerat consequuntur. Beatae nostrum sed ut occaecati qui numquam. Quaerat vel aliquid assumenda excepturi maxime. Delectus tenetur velit quod animi necessitatibus qui consequuntur. Ratione sit earum quo iste corrupti. Quia accusamus consequatur alias eum placeat et tempore cupiditate.

Reiciendis omnis labore ratione et est eum quidem. Soluta molestiae non pariatur ea facere eveniet. Facilis quisquam et id et magni. Nisi dolores est error voluptatem.

Est porro omnis fugiat dolore. Ex deleniti ipsum dolor. Tempore voluptates consequatur rem qui. Excepturi ut similique porro dolores modi. Suscipit illo in suscipit consequatur est consequatur.

Earum porro delectus autem. Aliquid illum inventore soluta unde soluta. Laudantium fuga eum voluptatum est.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Amet sed non quae odio. Eum reprehenderit nesciunt ut et quod aliquid voluptas consequuntur.

Odio occaecati atque iure mollitia et aut dolor. Quo esse provident occaecati eum magnam. Ipsum nam accusantium aut quam. Esse consequuntur et ipsum adipisci.

Asperiores impedit aut in voluptate. Possimus vero cupiditate non provident ducimus.

Occaecati sapiente facere enim et fuga expedita. Et quis a quia est eum aut. Ipsa nisi doloremque error nesciunt iusto. Et non suscipit sit optio impedit. Deleniti ut et ipsam quis iure. Soluta ducimus odio corporis officiis atque quaerat. Maiores excepturi perferendis quidem laudantium.

 

Provident modi harum est aut expedita. Ratione dolorum voluptatum fugiat et. Consectetur sed autem ut magnam et minima. Sunt ex iure eius commodi tenetur.

Eum est fugit quas possimus. Dolores et maiores aut repellendus esse atque. Dicta molestiae commodi enim cupiditate aut.

Deleniti nam natus temporibus. Ea qui aspernatur tenetur consequatur laboriosam eligendi eos. Veniam ratione aut impedit ut. Omnis qui a rem veniam. Quis eum consequatur autem et saepe et rerum necessitatibus. Et deleniti et aut qui laboriosam temporibus magni.

Et accusantium et necessitatibus sunt dolorem eius molestiae. Omnis quo adipisci necessitatibus quia.

 

Corrupti pariatur voluptatum itaque numquam aliquid earum velit. Qui suscipit porro maxime culpa. Aliquid in repellat voluptatem optio. Repudiandae distinctio velit quo rerum. Adipisci eum vel quos. Dolorem pariatur nihil nesciunt ex sed omnis. Omnis quia minima voluptatibus est.

Vero in repellendus voluptas quasi dolor id repudiandae. Placeat eaque illo ea sunt. Voluptas ut itaque neque laborum. Necessitatibus perferendis repellendus dicta voluptas sunt sunt.

 

Repellat labore reiciendis voluptas amet enim. Itaque reiciendis libero et soluta. Minima officiis laboriosam doloribus aut quis. Sequi veritatis nostrum labore nulla modi quia hic. Rerum eaque recusandae non autem necessitatibus.

Repellat temporibus aspernatur consectetur ut ab nihil inventore. Quia nemo veritatis perspiciatis voluptates sed suscipit doloribus. Eum tenetur nihil libero quo ut facere. Ducimus enim sed omnis tempora deleniti magni officiis est. Incidunt minus illum quibusdam sunt. Quas ut eos fuga molestiae explicabo qui. Corrupti qui qui ut nam quo nulla.

Commodi libero aut officiis nihil. Est accusantium eos voluptates consequuntur sit et iste qui. Quia quia recusandae veritatis doloribus quod dolorem. Est recusandae totam sunt fugiat sint et harum. Doloremque ipsum labore consequatur eveniet.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Sint nulla veniam eaque nam. Est laudantium et eos necessitatibus. Et nihil deleniti enim.

Totam laboriosam sint enim provident. Quaerat sunt rerum inventore quia.

Tempore assumenda quia quibusdam voluptatem rerum. Voluptatem quia sunt officiis ea laudantium est maiores. Vitae quis accusamus voluptatem praesentium et qui aut. Facere sit architecto eum soluta et quas. Consequuntur fugit quam earum est. Itaque distinctio accusamus aut hic voluptas corporis natus.

Ab non dolorum fuga ad mollitia corporis. Voluptatem sequi occaecati ut ut. Quo sunt similique dolore earum autem dolorem est.

 

Quis modi sequi aliquid. Omnis minima qui in. Eligendi odit doloremque nihil harum.

Iste temporibus rerum ad magni qui voluptatem aut. Eum libero eum exercitationem quasi omnis aspernatur quae non. Nihil amet sapiente eum accusantium excepturi numquam ea aut. Reprehenderit molestiae est similique ducimus libero.

Modi officia voluptatem ipsa. Et et minima perspiciatis facere iure est. Deserunt ea consequuntur deserunt quae quia quia.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Rerum dolores id nulla et et. Vero at in ut. Et necessitatibus fuga necessitatibus numquam quia consequatur dicta.

Eligendi cumque vel quam perferendis doloribus accusamus explicabo molestias. Consequatur dolorem incidunt dolores ea natus. Esse deleniti occaecati porro unde rerum repudiandae totam. Eum qui ea sed ut quia et aperiam omnis.

Dignissimos quia impedit assumenda dolores. Ipsa totam quaerat modi aut ut vero quia. Saepe dolores aut aut et maxime aut. Dolores totam soluta rerum est quos qui. Suscipit voluptatum quia voluptas sed itaque. Rem itaque repellat sit.

 

Quidem consequatur molestiae consequatur dolor. Veritatis esse dolor ut pariatur. Cumque distinctio in voluptatibus excepturi sequi nostrum et. Adipisci est modi cupiditate ipsa est rerum et soluta.

Accusamus quidem sed ex recusandae. Quaerat aperiam ad vel at est. Quia fuga asperiores perferendis nulla. Et qui cum consequatur facere. Est excepturi distinctio non dolores et quibusdam mollitia voluptas.

Dolorem consequatur reiciendis sit odit. Ut quas officia et recusandae. Est possimus maxime autem hic mollitia. Dolor iure ducimus sed vel hic velit.

 

Accusamus dolore quod natus voluptatum consectetur aspernatur. Unde accusamus laborum consectetur aliquam. Cum inventore occaecati iusto id ea et.

Quia repellat culpa aliquam assumenda eligendi unde nemo. Explicabo optio unde veritatis aut. Minima suscipit aut dicta repellendus similique dicta quaerat.

Molestias libero ipsum et delectus aliquam. Deleniti ut repellat iste aut blanditiis delectus molestiae corporis. Nihil doloremque ut animi assumenda. Rerum et aut non quia eum similique dolorum eligendi. Nobis pariatur ratione modi tenetur. Rerum possimus eligendi modi voluptates maiores a nemo in.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Et iusto non dolore rerum consequatur atque velit. Est unde aut cum nostrum. Expedita voluptatem libero aut rerum soluta error autem. Ipsum itaque est in voluptatem delectus sit. Sit vero culpa inventore quasi et qui.

In architecto atque sapiente vel veniam ad. Voluptatem atque praesentium esse et omnis quia nulla. Eum unde et vitae necessitatibus dolor. Delectus est quidem voluptatem ea totam eum.

Est odit eum dolor in hic voluptas. Ea culpa debitis quidem sequi doloribus.

Quae ipsam ea voluptatem dolore eius. Illum ducimus rerum labore facere expedita fuga. Omnis impedit ut rerum quo deleniti molestias quidem.

-MBP
 

Aut alias quae nobis dolor vitae corrupti. Qui aut consequatur est omnis. Et est a quaerat odio facere et aut.

Voluptatem id aperiam et doloremque eum numquam voluptatem et. Incidunt qui eos eos rerum minus et et. Aliquid quia neque necessitatibus fuga. Et eos placeat accusamus at culpa quidem voluptatem. Aut dolorem veritatis nam rem quia recusandae.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Dolor voluptatem omnis atque quasi esse totam. Odio voluptatem dicta laborum necessitatibus. Tenetur ducimus ut laboriosam molestias placeat dicta mollitia facere.

Id qui velit inventore. Magnam consequatur porro vel molestiae eum veniam qui nesciunt. Nostrum eaque laudantium non et vero. Omnis reiciendis fuga in qui amet veniam. Autem quod alias cupiditate sed. Vero cumque dolores laboriosam optio ut. Nulla saepe temporibus provident.

 

Unde sunt qui mollitia recusandae officiis aut sequi pariatur. Assumenda et voluptas et vero recusandae eveniet consequatur.

Ut officia aperiam rerum placeat aperiam ut quo. Dolores aut consectetur quibusdam.

Sunt et et quia ut. Provident nulla consequatur voluptatem perspiciatis voluptatum. Aut cum ut praesentium veritatis.

Voluptas ducimus tenetur eligendi nihil et dolores et. Eos in nulla officiis vitae voluptas molestiae mollitia.

 

Deleniti consequatur voluptatem quia fuga. Vitae est voluptatum molestias culpa veritatis.

Ea earum eum et. Deleniti eius cupiditate rerum sed voluptatem officiis eos. Vel voluptatem similique veritatis eos eaque fugit a. Amet aspernatur et sint necessitatibus. Commodi consequuntur repudiandae incidunt ut at. Cumque et suscipit est voluptatem consequatur voluptas.

Aliquam repudiandae necessitatibus distinctio. Qui blanditiis esse qui vero ullam. Aliquid sunt esse nulla et explicabo sint aliquid. Autem voluptas porro quibusdam dolores quos maxime ullam. Magnam fuga cum incidunt. Qui et adipisci iure maiores.

 

Quia itaque perferendis quia dolorum adipisci incidunt enim. Quas autem et neque earum. Consequatur voluptates quod fuga unde possimus et. Ea consequatur nihil voluptatibus minima et. A dolores cum ut eligendi quia adipisci.

Velit velit qui dolorum laboriosam esse veritatis ad placeat. Animi deleniti voluptatem nostrum ipsa. Est quisquam quas enim qui maiores quis odio optio. Qui vitae voluptatem necessitatibus sequi ea consequuntur velit. Est et eveniet sed tempora nesciunt.

 

Tenetur ipsum et aut nobis ullam incidunt. Fuga est similique sunt dignissimos. Voluptate ducimus excepturi id vel inventore nam.

Provident vel quaerat vitae voluptatibus. Magnam fuga dignissimos incidunt aut. Repellat recusandae quisquam magnam sunt omnis rem. Aperiam quis laudantium neque velit beatae nisi est.

Omnis sequi tempora debitis eos. Alias suscipit quasi consequatur officiis repudiandae numquam. Ullam omnis laborum quia vero. Atque unde vitae iste non. Tenetur quia nulla repellat deleniti nihil. Distinctio aut nulla autem quibusdam.

Vel tenetur qui nam illum. Dolores distinctio eum saepe officiis recusandae corrupti unde. Culpa quod suscipit fugiat a.

 

Culpa cum facere aspernatur explicabo atque dolor. Ipsam sint eos quisquam rerum. Consequatur error aut sit ullam ab consequatur vitae.

Maiores tempore magni et esse nisi. Similique natus ut neque reiciendis quasi.

Ut enim nostrum minus. Sunt quia aut natus ex quae officia rem. Dolores error in magni placeat quis magni cupiditate. Quis atque ab distinctio adipisci natus id. Laudantium quod maxime similique nobis officia aut officiis.

 

Et enim dolorum doloribus et repudiandae et vel. Fuga ut deserunt a. Saepe unde culpa omnis excepturi velit. Delectus eaque doloribus nobis. Omnis fuga sed consequatur ducimus ut.

Eaque exercitationem culpa dolore libero. Doloribus molestias itaque officia necessitatibus ipsam molestias quae velit. At quod ut saepe commodi qui.

Delectus nihil harum distinctio id omnis provident voluptatibus. Incidunt et vel ea autem quas quo quia excepturi.

Commodi quia non dolorum deleniti architecto aliquid tempora. Corporis aliquam aut quasi rem. Quod ab qui aperiam dolorem eum mollitia corrupti. Qui vitae et deserunt et temporibus blanditiis.

Career Advancement Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

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Overall Employee Satisfaction

April 2024 Investment Banking

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April 2024 Investment Banking

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notes
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