How I Explain Finance Through an Extended Metaphor
I'm curious how other people approach explaining the industry to others. I usually use the following extended metaphor. The premise is that a business is a house... something that should be familiar to the person I'm speaking to.
A Business is a House, it can appreciate and depreciate based on market conditions, the neighborhood it is in, buyer and seller activity/interest, and if any add-ons are constructed. The various jobs within the industry surround this house and the transfer of funds related to the house.
An Equity Investor is the Home Buyer. This person purchases a house intending to "flip" it after a certain period. The person buys a house that they think will go up in value over time.
- A Venture Capital (VC) buyer is buying houses in a brand-new suburb with the hope that the suburb will attract attention in the future. This area is not very developed and not too many people live here. The VC hopes that once the suburb develops, many people will move to the suburb, making it the next big neighborhood to live in. The VC buyer may be buying houses that are currently under development. These houses are cheap so the VC buyer can probably buy 30 or 40 houses. This buyer will probably sell their house in the next few years.
- A Private Equity (PE) buyer is buying houses in a hot neighborhood. These houses are valuable and do not have the same opportunity to spike in value as the houses in a new suburb. The houses are already expensive so the the buyer can't buy as many houses with the same amount of capital. Because of this, the buyer can only afford 5 or 10 houses. This buyer will probably sell the house after 5-7 years.
- A Holding Fund buyer is buying houses without the intent to flip them. Functionally, they are not looking for quick flips but rather long-term growth in the value of the house. They invest in houses that are really well made and will likely not need a lot of improvement in the near future or the mid-term. These are safe investments that will appreciate in value because of overall market trends.
- A Distressed or Special Situations buyer, buys houses that are on foreclosure. They are buying houses at a discount. These houses are probably beaten up and need a lot of work to turn around, but if the house is properly fixed up and the budget is maintained, there is a lot of quick flipping value for the home. These buyers are more active during a housing bubble where there are many foreclosures in the market. Because of this, a really good house might go into foreclosure, not because it's a bad house, but because the couple owning the house were both laid off due to increased unemployment.
- An Emerging Markets buyer is buying houses in a foreign country that they think will appreciate in value quickly. For Americans, think of buying a property in a South American country. They are taking advantage of purchasing power differences and macroeconomic trends.
An Investment Banker is a Realtor, who helps you (the equity buyer) buy and sell your house. They coordinate with other realtors to conduct showings to potential buyers. They list your house on the market and take a fee once the house is sold (similar to the 3% a realtor is taking from the seller). They will advise you on how much your house is worth by looking at houses in your area, the properties and attributes of your house, and the market conditions of the macroeconomic environment. Realtors are most similar to M&A bankers. Restructuring bankers are those that are advising distressed buyers and sellers. ECM/DCM bankers are rental advisors that connect renters with landlords.
An Auditor is the Home Inspector. When you buy a home, you get the house inspected to make sure that there are no hidden issues in the home. You want to make sure that the seller and the seller's realtor accurately present the home. They will look at the home's features, representations, and environment to confirm that the details in the listing present a fair representation of the home.
A Consultant is an Architect, who helps you figure out what home improvements will maximize the value of your house. You (the equity buyer) hire an architect to get advice on things you can do to improve the home value. This may include finishing a basement, remodeling the kitchen, or changing out the carpet. They themselves are not implementing the changes but they are advising you on the best ways you can improve the home's value.
The Management Team is the Contractor. The management team is the contractor that the new homeowner buys to increase the value of the home by implementing the recommendations provided by the architect. This team can improve existing rooms through renovation (organic growth) or by adding onto the home with additional construction (de novo expansion). They can increase the value of the home by adding new features that provide value (top line/revenue expansion) or by updating the home with new appliances to save the homeowner money. For example, putting in a new high-efficiency air conditioner to reduce the monthly electricity bill (expense reduction/ margin expansion / bottom line improvement).
A Credit Investor is the Mortgage Provider. It doesn't always make sense to buy a house with all cash. Often, one buys a house by taking out a mortgage on the home. You can go to your bank (institutional lender) or local credit union (private credit lender) to secure a mortgage. This mortgage is collateralized with the home (the business) and you are often expected to provide a 10% or 20% down payment. This down payment represents that the buyer has some skin in the game and is similar to a leverage ratio.
Say you paid down half of your mortgage and refinance the house at its full value. You suddenly will have close to half of your house's value in cash. This cash can be used to put in home improvements (reinvestment refinance), put into other investments (dividend recap), or used to pay down the mortgage (refinancing for interest rate reasons)
Are there any other similarities that can expand this metaphor? Not sure how to incorporate hedge funds, short traders, or option traders into the example.
Genuine question… does anyone in your life listen to this entire metaphor story?
Haha fair question. Wrote the post because I’ve never been able to flesh out the metaphor in full. Usually just use the realtor bullet to explain banking.
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