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OID is a pricing adjustment that allows to adjust the yield of a security by lower what investors pay for it.

For example, to deliver a 2% over 1 year, you can:

  • issue at a price of 100 that pays a 2% coupon
  • issue at 99 OID and pay a coupon of 1
  • issue at 98 and pay no coupon
  • issue at 101 and pay 3% coupon (this one is unlikely)

In practice it is used:

  • to adjust pricing
  • when banks have underwritten financing and are eating in their flex. Instead of issuing securities that pay 12% coupon, you issue at an OID.

The other benefit for an investor is that this discount generates the same return whatever the maturity of the instrument is. So if it’s a 7 year note callable after 3 years, if it’s issued at 100 the return after 3 years is only 21 (3x7).

To deliver the same yield over 7 years by paying 5% coupon, the OID would need to be 89. If the notes are called at pr (100) the return to the investor is 100 (par) + 3x5 (coupon) - 89 (prixe paid) = 26. 5 above the case where the notes are issued at par.

So OID can be used to make the instrument more attractive

 

Lower OID = more yield enchantment

More extreme scenario: 90 OID, 12 month maturity, and 10% rate

You’d accrete to par and earn interest within a year. Making for yield of 21-22% depending interest frequency. This would be more of a bridge financing loan and require equity like returns thus the lower OID.

Have seen some examples of more “sweetener” or 3% discount to filling X% of the book.

 

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