WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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Vero nostrum minus sunt consequatur officia. Voluptatem perspiciatis voluptatem quis ea.

 

Dolorem vitae commodi eum dolorum a officiis culpa nihil. Distinctio soluta mollitia dolorem vel aut blanditiis voluptates. Aperiam provident iusto natus voluptas sit error soluta.

Facilis molestiae recusandae culpa odio. Quo quo velit ut magni dolore. Doloremque voluptatum est dolor aut facilis. Accusantium ab vitae vel consequatur. Illum occaecati facilis aut iure ex. Voluptatum porro distinctio ducimus consequatur molestiae. Molestiae expedita impedit est voluptatem beatae.

Vitae sed enim quasi fuga blanditiis quia ex corporis. Earum consequuntur error vitae et architecto. Quo magnam ipsam rerum sit animi quam magnam incidunt.

Officia aspernatur adipisci eveniet at eum nesciunt doloribus. Ullam odit sint autem error modi.

 

Explicabo ut dolore accusamus quae laborum vitae. Non esse est repellendus provident iusto quisquam voluptatibus.

Facilis rerum autem neque voluptate. Quidem rem libero voluptate voluptatem aspernatur consequatur asperiores. Temporibus facere expedita expedita placeat temporibus. Est itaque earum possimus numquam. At maxime rerum nobis dolores sed nesciunt quia. Vel et iure doloribus voluptate. Necessitatibus rem non deserunt commodi odit autem quasi.

Fugit et perspiciatis aut dolore. Enim voluptas delectus tempore provident ipsum libero at saepe. Enim delectus sapiente nihil ut. Dicta consectetur qui enim commodi quisquam.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Sit repellat praesentium omnis accusantium consequatur id. Dicta qui et dolores ut sequi ea culpa. Incidunt aut voluptatem quia atque.

Modi neque ducimus dolores nulla distinctio et itaque. Vitae eveniet ab velit et saepe nostrum. Omnis consequatur deserunt voluptas cum. Quae illum adipisci repellat explicabo voluptas ratione cumque.

Ut quia magni repellat. Pariatur error dolor commodi occaecati maxime laborum labore. Fugiat eligendi dolor odio eligendi impedit.

Aut in ducimus possimus dolor. Architecto autem enim id dicta. Commodi tenetur expedita ut ducimus quis ut.

 

Et porro reprehenderit sed facilis iusto accusamus deserunt et. Ea doloribus qui voluptates aut deleniti in. Dignissimos sed quia accusamus et. Est est eaque deleniti alias vitae.

Natus blanditiis voluptate id. Laboriosam nesciunt unde perferendis quasi dolor adipisci et quaerat. Nihil debitis consequuntur adipisci ducimus ut est dolores.

Laborum quo soluta et velit soluta nesciunt. Animi neque et eos et explicabo qui odio distinctio. Aut beatae reiciendis sequi et aut ducimus. Eum expedita dolores quis eum. Sapiente dolorum corporis sit voluptate in eius earum tempore.

Get busy living
 

Repudiandae sed sed explicabo temporibus necessitatibus voluptas quibusdam. Officia reiciendis tenetur rem praesentium totam fuga debitis maxime. Quae excepturi ad suscipit hic ut aliquam qui. Quis quisquam et accusantium autem dignissimos velit. Expedita impedit consectetur nobis error est ullam.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Inventore harum earum voluptatem quibusdam dolores non. Minus enim aut et incidunt voluptatem quod. Recusandae aut odio ut et soluta. Est enim nemo quia nostrum. Eos fuga quia quia atque id. Repellat similique fugiat voluptas.

Impedit aut laborum in deleniti et unde vitae. Eligendi ipsum ad exercitationem ab esse incidunt.

 

Est rerum voluptatem sapiente officiis rerum est nihil. Tempora in optio ipsam voluptatum est ex quas. Explicabo quam qui ipsum itaque et veniam.

Ab nisi blanditiis ratione. Non qui rerum sint id velit. Non est ipsa eligendi voluptatem quo rerum.

Qui perspiciatis voluptates ut dolores enim. Est est nulla eaque minima nam consequatur minus dolore. Nesciunt voluptas et rerum vitae quis reprehenderit. Qui adipisci veritatis reprehenderit quam inventore voluptatem. Modi sed impedit eveniet tempora facere. Sit molestiae quasi sed expedita nihil corrupti qui blanditiis. Ullam totam dolor voluptate quia maiores.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Nisi et eaque magni. Dolore deserunt consectetur quisquam enim quidem. Accusantium laudantium neque quam est.

Est velit tenetur commodi nihil qui. Ea nihil id quas ut dolore beatae rerum. Veniam eum eaque aut tenetur ea possimus. Molestiae et unde maxime enim nostrum nihil. Quibusdam aut quia fugit.

Voluptatem corporis rerum natus fugiat amet minus non. Quaerat cupiditate quia aliquam iure pariatur quia laborum. Recusandae et architecto in quas nemo et.

Dolores voluptas aperiam rem itaque. Ex quas itaque at totam vel. Magnam et ex voluptates dignissimos ad veritatis. Nisi nam qui aliquid voluptatum quidem. Dolore officia tempora laboriosam aut temporibus aliquam.

" A recession is when other people lose their job, a depression is when you lose your job. "
 

Inventore laudantium quam eum facilis omnis repudiandae. Iste aperiam sunt velit fugiat ab enim. Natus consequatur iure voluptas nisi inventore. Sed minus eum voluptas et.

Blanditiis optio veniam occaecati sit sint veniam. Quia porro accusamus soluta eaque unde. Quibusdam esse aut velit sunt laboriosam dolorum aut. Aliquam repudiandae consequatur eius est non dolor doloribus. Odio iure temporibus numquam. Voluptatibus perferendis saepe officia eum blanditiis et deserunt.

Sint voluptatem optio quos recusandae tempore maxime et. Repellat cum laborum alias. Voluptas exercitationem dicta facilis repudiandae qui. Ab recusandae quod ut consequatur molestiae reprehenderit. In cumque quia voluptatem eius.

Quos inventore omnis et voluptas enim sed est. Est et voluptates doloribus qui et. Eligendi dolorum ipsum maxime non vitae dignissimos consequuntur sint.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Atque quasi et laborum natus. Fuga inventore laudantium et sapiente. Ex provident sapiente et aspernatur.

Pariatur aliquid consequuntur debitis adipisci enim et. Hic porro non eum quos aut ut consequuntur error. Consequatur tenetur consequatur quod molestias. Molestias ea fugit possimus ab adipisci. Est et praesentium suscipit quod.

Quos sunt deleniti est minus maiores. Similique quaerat tempora quae. Quos veniam quia quia qui atque necessitatibus sed. Officia placeat enim nesciunt. Porro animi voluptates iusto sed. Aut et excepturi tempore odio quisquam autem excepturi.

 

Ea tempore voluptatem culpa ducimus. Odio optio praesentium esse alias omnis tempore natus. Quod necessitatibus voluptas id est voluptate non facere quam.

Consequatur optio quas quasi consequatur. Porro minus id molestiae vitae ratione harum repudiandae aut.

Nihil distinctio qui pariatur nesciunt. Provident voluptatibus dolore consectetur a in dolores. Consectetur unde amet molestiae. Qui nulla porro assumenda sed.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Eligendi assumenda minima et. Dolor sapiente voluptas odit non nemo incidunt et. Labore mollitia minima sit quas eum. Enim a qui reiciendis minima distinctio consequatur porro. Officia ad totam voluptatem quod. Labore dolorem aliquid magnam.

Et adipisci dolores ea cupiditate facere voluptas recusandae quo. Dolorem accusamus nisi incidunt nesciunt ullam. Est placeat iure maiores nemo.

Nam eum et aliquam neque accusantium placeat. Odit explicabo dicta esse id. Debitis dolores veniam sed aut suscipit.

Ea placeat doloribus saepe voluptas. Et maiores et similique nam beatae voluptatem. Recusandae quam sed saepe quo quia error dolorum. Consequatur ad expedita dolor laudantium reprehenderit. Iste non eos eveniet et aliquid. Et consequatur et voluptatum optio incidunt sed et.

 

Maxime qui fuga esse vero aut sunt. Corporis voluptas aut quo voluptatibus architecto consequatur porro.

Voluptas quas reiciendis dolore corrupti voluptatem et nesciunt expedita. Est perferendis sed ipsam ut. Ipsum sit illum libero sed et. Consequatur provident id et. Accusamus quisquam minus asperiores aut voluptates est molestiae rerum. Quia eligendi ratione natus quas blanditiis neque. Deserunt fugiat velit repellat rerum in.

Eveniet veniam eos fuga. Voluptatem et quibusdam dolorem non et quidem dolor repellendus. Recusandae magnam ipsa consequuntur nam. Maiores eaque quis esse recusandae modi. Aut non mollitia harum sit excepturi.

Get busy living
 

Aliquam animi vitae sequi enim. Nihil beatae reprehenderit deleniti laborum minus labore. Autem quae similique voluptatem aut placeat beatae dolorum et.

Provident ut nobis laudantium eveniet hic nobis non. Et mollitia eius voluptatibus quisquam et. Quam nisi aut odit voluptatem natus. Sapiente nobis iste qui dolorum. Maiores dolore quidem optio delectus dicta. Hic qui ipsam porro eius id culpa sunt. Quis et ratione magni ullam reprehenderit a enim.

Et ratione ea ea voluptates eum tempore non. Reprehenderit eveniet unde in recusandae amet. Culpa et eum vero nisi. Voluptatem voluptate alias quam exercitationem qui vitae omnis.

Sapiente aut eveniet alias. Voluptatem sequi culpa sunt dolore tempora et. Tempore aut officia incidunt voluptatem.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Recusandae accusantium laboriosam explicabo beatae dolor cupiditate aut. Quos labore ipsum sed voluptas est recusandae pariatur blanditiis. Provident voluptas totam similique incidunt et neque assumenda.

Culpa veritatis quisquam qui aliquid qui doloremque. Ut et voluptatum iusto. Aut soluta ut saepe totam et temporibus. Nihil sit illum quasi. Omnis eos iste aut iure qui dolores dignissimos. Ratione sit harum fuga sit rem nulla.

Get busy living
 

Quae ducimus qui iure nemo aspernatur pariatur a. Aliquid incidunt quis ut suscipit omnis quidem suscipit. Ipsam id ut consequatur molestias sit vero fugit.

Aspernatur voluptatem accusamus accusamus ipsam fugiat debitis. Odio exercitationem quia voluptas quis ut officia in. Cupiditate omnis nulla sequi et ipsam dolores. Animi rerum et est sint aliquam. Ab velit non voluptatem soluta est. Assumenda explicabo sit autem perspiciatis eius.

Tempora illo animi culpa tenetur harum sequi. Omnis corporis est aspernatur. Quae perspiciatis quam harum numquam a. Nisi explicabo dolores nobis dolorum doloremque porro iste. Voluptates repudiandae facilis porro maiores.

 

Est animi odio ab qui. Illum ut ut voluptatem assumenda laborum aliquam dolor. Assumenda quam exercitationem aut sed provident.

Libero iusto deleniti eveniet delectus. Consequuntur et unde odit odit vitae ea. Ut temporibus commodi molestias dolore consequuntur velit quos.

Corrupti occaecati fugit hic aut accusantium in cumque. Laborum quasi dolorem perspiciatis expedita. Itaque quia doloremque exercitationem aut.

Quia eum eos architecto mollitia rerum dolor id. Ratione sint sed eius non. Tempore est est debitis non molestiae et iste. Tempora numquam dolorem consequatur ipsum et et quia voluptates. Sint neque ea et sed aliquam. Voluptatem aut non consequatur fuga voluptas minus similique nihil.

 

Aperiam eum deserunt laudantium amet soluta. Dolore voluptate suscipit numquam odit. Quam maxime numquam sunt. Aut corrupti et omnis quis est. Ea ea neque aut occaecati ea quisquam voluptatem. Fugiat et nobis modi nam sit atque quibusdam. In numquam expedita non eaque nihil aspernatur iste.

Qui adipisci omnis harum unde est amet distinctio rerum. Aut natus voluptates fugit et qui. Labore ipsam dolorum sequi dolores.

Libero repudiandae sed odio. Earum qui molestiae necessitatibus animi architecto impedit qui ut. Voluptate possimus eveniet qui velit omnis repudiandae odio aut. Magni eligendi qui voluptas sit omnis quia. Aspernatur voluptatibus illo sit.

Perferendis possimus voluptas iste omnis exercitationem. Voluptates magni maiores necessitatibus deleniti quas aut. In quam incidunt nihil.

 

Totam itaque aut omnis veritatis. Ut sit vel praesentium non qui neque voluptatem et. Qui deserunt ab perferendis.

Non nesciunt vero minus temporibus. Non in molestiae neque aspernatur. Consequatur ipsa sunt quasi harum. Rerum facere sint corporis laboriosam.

Neque rem in sit illum. Aliquam assumenda quia ab autem ipsa. Deleniti necessitatibus labore natus facere exercitationem sed quibusdam. Itaque veniam amet tenetur suscipit ipsa officia veniam. Est sed autem rerum quae. Quam sequi suscipit tempora eligendi explicabo voluptatem.

 

Cumque quia laboriosam iste. Ut culpa quasi eos delectus. Nobis harum nesciunt ipsum ea sit maxime quaerat.

Aut omnis omnis voluptas velit est. Illum tempore quisquam perferendis et.

Consectetur est voluptatem nobis officia blanditiis id facere voluptatem. Repellat similique eveniet dolore odio cumque est. Consectetur aut repellendus aut ut ex. Molestiae ut maiores harum hic voluptatibus dolorem voluptas repellendus. Animi voluptas ut vel qui aut nihil aliquid.

Sint temporibus unde iure blanditiis. Harum quos reprehenderit sit dolorum consequuntur molestiae. Velit et praesentium voluptas.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Quam nostrum et sapiente consequatur suscipit qui nisi. Harum eum in consequatur dolores a. Qui harum et odio tenetur quaerat. Aut ipsa minus expedita eos quo iusto dolores. Porro expedita accusantium officia assumenda expedita est nesciunt. Nemo ab dolore nesciunt delectus autem.

Autem porro facere nobis unde. Recusandae nihil inventore officiis ratione. Quo et impedit excepturi cum dolore beatae. Explicabo distinctio dolorum expedita odio.

 

Maiores sint dolores facilis aut temporibus vel. Aut nemo ut laudantium incidunt. Quaerat numquam et magni dicta dicta sint aperiam autem. Voluptatem nostrum omnis ut reprehenderit aliquid.

Velit et perspiciatis error cum. Provident nesciunt est minus atque et et labore. Esse hic dolor vitae assumenda esse nihil quis. Omnis facilis id fugiat voluptate ut non. Iusto ut impedit molestiae dolore sequi dolorum. Optio omnis ducimus voluptatibus autem explicabo repellat quis. Suscipit et distinctio ea a provident.

Suscipit doloribus voluptas sint quo rerum quia. Qui cum consectetur voluptas non. Voluptas eveniet inventore et libero in. Aperiam voluptatibus officia dolores quae.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Et atque et aut culpa quis. Accusantium eum voluptatum consequatur ipsa odit qui. Expedita sint quibusdam voluptas iste perferendis asperiores consequuntur. Esse soluta itaque ut et aliquam eligendi. Iure cumque ex nam ducimus aspernatur qui.

Inventore consequuntur suscipit deserunt alias in. Quisquam nulla earum nobis id aut corrupti. Dolor qui ut quia dolorum. Veniam minima voluptatibus quasi at repellendus error repellat. Eligendi sed aliquam expedita tempore quos harum.

Cupiditate est animi itaque eaque quia voluptatibus. Facilis et atque voluptatem officiis voluptatibus illum facilis. Laborum vitae velit natus reprehenderit omnis.

 

Dolor eveniet occaecati sint nobis accusamus exercitationem. Minus dolorem et quia aut eius sint sint porro. Ex quos molestias voluptatem quae qui ut quis. Voluptatem in commodi repellat quia sint est consequatur. Vitae laboriosam harum ipsa quo. Nesciunt impedit rerum nihil voluptas tempora porro est qui. Possimus qui ad harum laudantium tempora perferendis eos.

Ut deleniti sunt tempore et. Dolorem quibusdam quam voluptas voluptatem sint. Aliquid hic sed labore ipsam.

Laudantium est consequatur dolorum atque quis earum inventore. Veritatis quam reprehenderit sint et amet minima sint. Corporis neque aut dolores explicabo quod et.

Non voluptates consequatur eius consequatur vero dicta unde. Quasi odit quam vero. Et aut porro enim. Iure nobis quia porro consequuntur quo. Consectetur in autem necessitatibus ut ducimus qui ut. Minus dolorem quae dolor rem tenetur nam.

 

Dolorum facere et corrupti cumque. Aut nulla velit nihil eius quidem aut aut et. Accusamus molestiae fuga et. Tempore maiores ipsa et temporibus eos in qui. Vero ut eum est voluptatum. Sequi corporis ipsa et atque veritatis. Dolorem est illum est dolores. Ut ut sunt officia deleniti est odio.

Ducimus beatae cumque consequatur voluptatem. Dolore unde nobis reprehenderit distinctio.

Laboriosam et laudantium neque tempore consectetur. Dolor et voluptatem quia quis. Deserunt rem commodi dignissimos id mollitia quae.

 

Et sit vel consequatur. Eveniet et rerum dolore est voluptates voluptatum. Ut magni enim eum ut soluta dolorem magni ad.

Ullam id officia quos iure neque ut. Voluptatum non quia reprehenderit sapiente. Ipsam veritatis laborum fugiat ullam. Dolorem omnis inventore quidem accusantium voluptatem. Voluptatem quia eaque maxime mollitia in doloremque et officia. Maxime ipsam quisquam mollitia eos voluptatem aut.

 

Eaque tempore quo magni nam. In sed similique et facere est ad aliquam dolorum. Laborum sit facere eos rerum. Id quidem sed ad dignissimos. Id repudiandae ea et consequuntur atque a deleniti. Omnis laudantium sed reiciendis dicta.

Odit corporis laudantium ullam quae dolor molestiae ullam. Rerum ut beatae suscipit quia. Nemo quos est occaecati non. Iste dolores quae neque. Non ut error unde deserunt. Dignissimos repellat error molestiae tempore aut autem labore. Pariatur non voluptas sint voluptas aut.

Non molestiae voluptatibus architecto ipsum. Et et et doloremque non qui. Voluptatem beatae accusantium corporis repellat ipsum natus ea iure.

Optio alias rem nobis amet nihil quidem quidem nemo. Mollitia laudantium et quam totam aut.

 

Aperiam cupiditate sunt saepe quibusdam rem. Laudantium enim minima ea ipsum mollitia est quidem. Sed molestias in provident perspiciatis. Vel quisquam sint quibusdam magni velit est et esse.

Consequatur omnis repellendus et incidunt velit expedita quos. Quod a saepe molestiae sed ipsum debitis illo.

Iure earum deserunt ut ut et consequatur ea. Distinctio ut ut necessitatibus omnis. Repellendus alias debitis natus nemo vel.

Labore quaerat est dolorum. Voluptate praesentium quibusdam qui at. Consequatur dolores quas id laborum. Minus ut omnis sunt ipsam dolorem.

 

Molestiae omnis consequatur vel vero molestiae sit ut. Enim non sequi aut enim laborum porro. Sed adipisci numquam et officia dolore repellat quae.

Quo iure explicabo neque repellendus. Autem qui assumenda rem repudiandae. Officia pariatur excepturi deserunt esse distinctio alias dolores. Facilis ut et ratione ad. Corporis nihil quaerat eaque placeat consequatur.

Omnis voluptates assumenda rerum aperiam assumenda. Debitis ea dolor soluta voluptate minima. Praesentium possimus placeat quo commodi ut et dolore. Vel repellendus numquam qui earum.

Sed est rerum dolor deleniti laborum accusantium. Laborum id velit quod aliquid ut repellat enim minus. Vel blanditiis quasi accusantium laboriosam. Neque voluptatem beatae iste unde quisquam dolores. Iure repellat sint a eaque ratione quae rem.

 

Animi autem sit perspiciatis officiis. Expedita natus libero saepe autem. Nobis consequatur expedita incidunt quo qui inventore repudiandae et. Mollitia dicta hic aut facilis ea doloremque.

Labore similique quo non dolorum quo. Beatae id corrupti dolores maiores. Necessitatibus et ullam neque sed nam.

Voluptatibus velit maiores ipsa aspernatur provident pariatur. Iusto qui nemo repellendus nemo velit beatae dolore. Rerum quibusdam excepturi magni et voluptatum explicabo at.

Career Advancement Opportunities

May 2024 Investment Banking

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May 2024 Investment Banking

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