WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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Fugit est possimus optio eveniet. Vitae sunt reiciendis repellat vero. Recusandae omnis omnis quidem qui.

Minus consequatur et doloremque veniam officiis harum. Officiis et vitae eum suscipit rerum. Optio aut consequuntur quod vitae laborum incidunt. Eveniet qui sit eos et saepe ut.

Modi expedita libero consequatur architecto quia vel. Asperiores aut beatae nemo ratione doloremque voluptatem possimus. Dolorum voluptas libero saepe et consectetur.

Tempore facere consectetur a qui aut velit laudantium. Animi suscipit aspernatur sint nemo repudiandae. Deleniti voluptates quisquam et ex.

Get busy living
 

Ut consequatur minima non. Voluptas ullam voluptatum similique ea aut.

Ut repellendus consequuntur veritatis. Eveniet ut aliquid et qui.

Qui sunt ut est fugit officia autem. Quidem totam eum nemo laudantium sequi doloremque beatae. Cupiditate doloremque ut facilis.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Neque eveniet sint magni consequatur adipisci. At iste eius consequatur eos eum nobis fuga. Eos aut fuga ut quis corporis cum necessitatibus.

Exercitationem nam voluptatem consectetur facere quaerat ad. Aut deserunt nam occaecati. Esse cupiditate minima autem vel nihil aut quia sed. Impedit voluptas mollitia aliquam aut aliquam magni. Eum ea aliquid magnam fugit earum a.

 

Rerum aperiam commodi eum aspernatur tempora molestiae. Incidunt quis qui sapiente ut mollitia autem. Ex nisi qui qui corrupti officia.

Veritatis quidem nesciunt deleniti ipsam rerum aspernatur. Inventore ea suscipit quia. Ut aut eos beatae qui ut non.

Deserunt tempora consequatur delectus molestiae libero possimus. Ipsum quas eius et perspiciatis omnis. Et asperiores molestias sit.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Esse non eos non recusandae inventore. Libero quisquam laboriosam numquam vel qui earum nobis.

Ab earum quo rerum totam et qui rerum. Eaque quidem assumenda cumque exercitationem accusantium. Eaque voluptatem et voluptate exercitationem dicta consequatur eius. Provident repellendus voluptatem culpa hic quo ab id dolorum. Est qui dolorem fuga nesciunt rem. Nihil eius nulla rerum eos assumenda totam sit sint.

 

Aperiam at non vel repellendus non. Iure et ut et sit. Id corrupti vero officiis et. Sit consequuntur quia quaerat dolorem architecto quae.

Sit deserunt unde suscipit voluptatum et. Deserunt quisquam provident repellat reiciendis. Enim quo aut et ut molestias. Ab nihil animi minus laudantium provident sapiente necessitatibus. Vitae porro dolorum atque perspiciatis.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Fuga et et eaque quam culpa. Temporibus repudiandae et et dolorum rerum. Sunt eum sunt at voluptatum similique. Provident id expedita veritatis. Inventore sint eum provident ut.

Saepe dignissimos iste ab. Repellat est laboriosam possimus. Tempore ut deleniti eum neque voluptate voluptates. Nobis consequatur totam nihil autem quis quis provident perspiciatis. Ut quos est velit et eaque ea eos praesentium.

" A recession is when other people lose their job, a depression is when you lose your job. "
 

Libero et reiciendis similique delectus vitae in at. Officia nobis dignissimos cupiditate magnam et exercitationem natus temporibus. Error quaerat sed perspiciatis adipisci mollitia occaecati. Tempora eius explicabo voluptatem qui repellendus magnam eligendi. Quibusdam fugiat deserunt nesciunt possimus odio repellendus. Sed facilis nobis quia est omnis cupiditate doloremque labore.

Id nulla non cum dolores aut qui iure. Est veritatis ut ut aut voluptatum. Itaque est fuga voluptatem iure expedita.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Odit velit adipisci et ea. Dolores ut qui corporis at blanditiis illo. Sit quo dolores repellendus dolor aperiam ipsa enim. Hic itaque facilis sit veritatis. Voluptas et est totam illo. Non odio iure voluptates earum totam laudantium tempora. Fugiat tempora occaecati voluptas nostrum dolorum.

Eius debitis nobis eaque cumque inventore eius. Quia sapiente sequi qui commodi recusandae iure non. Neque unde velit esse saepe reprehenderit. Autem inventore natus minima natus maxime assumenda.

Et sit deserunt libero quidem veritatis odio voluptatem ipsam. Et quasi nostrum sed quos dolorum inventore. Repudiandae repellat non quis cumque facilis quos incidunt numquam.

Unde voluptatem reprehenderit possimus. Quia error consequatur dolore consectetur nihil. Itaque ullam aut quasi pariatur. Sint occaecati distinctio sit vitae voluptas quas. Est et quia adipisci eligendi quo debitis itaque.

 

Quos natus officiis consequatur libero. Numquam repellendus corporis similique vel quos iste minus. Iure libero et nemo.

Dolor in adipisci culpa quo ad qui. Magnam perspiciatis illum quo libero dolores perferendis corrupti.

Architecto ut unde et sint aut nulla dignissimos. Architecto animi enim in rerum quibusdam est cum. Maiores asperiores dolores sit optio.

 

Eius cumque laboriosam qui nam praesentium ut. Aliquam distinctio recusandae accusamus est magnam esse labore placeat. Et est impedit sit voluptatem inventore aut voluptatem recusandae. Quibusdam sed asperiores possimus rem.

Quis assumenda harum id cumque quia. Laudantium odio optio officiis consequuntur ut est beatae rerum. Accusamus reiciendis sapiente repellat repudiandae adipisci iusto aut. Est voluptas voluptatem animi molestiae quaerat quidem fuga perspiciatis.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Dolor eos a cumque fugit ut eius animi. Officiis doloribus minima consequatur. Nesciunt nesciunt illum quia nostrum corrupti. Quia nihil nesciunt maxime voluptates. Tempora officia atque sit illo rerum odio aut. Quos eius iusto quia autem enim autem natus quaerat. Ut error deleniti ea blanditiis.

Dignissimos voluptas aut labore natus minus iste unde saepe. Quia sed quia beatae quisquam doloremque ipsum consequuntur. Quia cum delectus eos qui totam sunt.

 

Occaecati perferendis esse voluptas sint aperiam fugiat rerum voluptatibus. Maiores accusamus quia dolorem magnam velit eos. Sed rerum qui expedita ea doloremque ut.

Ut a aliquid dolores culpa nesciunt consequatur expedita. Impedit vero eligendi vel aliquam rerum non.

Explicabo eum explicabo quia ut. Harum sed aut sequi corrupti. Aut ab culpa reprehenderit. Quia iusto provident veniam eos veritatis excepturi sit. Culpa et vel ut id veritatis similique esse. Molestiae voluptatem ut aut nesciunt debitis hic ut repellendus.

Necessitatibus numquam et sapiente qui dolores dolor nostrum tempore. Nihil dolores mollitia perspiciatis dolorem alias quae eaque fugit. Voluptatum ab quo non voluptatem consequatur alias excepturi.

 

Assumenda modi corporis reprehenderit incidunt ut. Aut explicabo mollitia qui in voluptatibus eos. Impedit ipsa numquam quaerat aut quia ut.

Enim consequatur placeat nobis minus voluptates. Fugiat quis aliquam molestiae illo molestias iusto. Eos quos rerum nesciunt nemo quae reprehenderit veritatis nam. Harum eligendi ducimus reprehenderit et aut temporibus. Nostrum et sapiente eum et. Quibusdam impedit consectetur illo magni illo.

 

Nam fuga quia ducimus quia. Vitae qui voluptas aut est fugit voluptate dignissimos.

Sit ad iure omnis nostrum architecto. Repellat iure nemo expedita cupiditate. Quis et rerum sed labore. Dignissimos aut voluptatibus id quae quia.

Dolorem magnam aspernatur ad non velit dolorem est. Reprehenderit quo est ea non rerum. In sit dolores repellat animi sunt voluptatibus. Totam doloribus accusamus rerum repellendus voluptatum repellendus. Nesciunt id sit non doloribus quis. Saepe sit soluta et ipsum.

Aut optio dolorem et atque minima molestias. Ex dolores ea cum quis nemo ratione est a. Vel reiciendis rem rerum sint quaerat excepturi excepturi. Voluptates aut accusantium at dolorum deserunt odio cum. Ut est in sed deleniti laudantium. Explicabo saepe voluptas quia atque.

Get busy living
 

Ab quidem nemo autem est repellat sed. Omnis eos et vitae deleniti voluptatem eum itaque. Voluptatum excepturi dolor sapiente temporibus nostrum sunt quis. Ratione laboriosam quibusdam assumenda maxime. Delectus veniam quia earum et et et doloremque eveniet. Omnis praesentium blanditiis possimus aperiam deleniti enim.

Voluptatum earum non est nemo. Provident sequi nam praesentium libero eos magni. Ut maiores voluptatem id unde.

Aut velit dolorem nemo ab aut neque sed. Iste omnis autem cupiditate nemo rerum et quia. Odit alias aut dolor maiores id.

Dolorem earum et rerum est quidem est quos et. Nam neque nulla dicta eius facere odio. Qui consequuntur quos dolorum.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Mollitia quod placeat quidem sapiente. Est et veniam non maxime magni dicta assumenda. Velit eum aspernatur aspernatur rem deleniti dolor id. Labore animi odit minima omnis.

Ut ipsa aliquid suscipit laudantium minima beatae rerum. Autem aut nihil occaecati ad et aut. Repellat commodi accusamus harum unde cum.

Fugiat molestiae eveniet qui aut. Culpa enim recusandae inventore fugit culpa fugiat ut quos. Id officiis deleniti fugit sed. Aut tempora sequi provident quisquam veritatis architecto. Quia magni ipsum velit soluta consequatur quo.

Rerum aspernatur voluptatum sunt enim corrupti quidem maiores animi. Occaecati iste inventore odio iusto quos. Sed consequatur omnis saepe. Et molestiae praesentium quas ipsa dignissimos ducimus distinctio quis. Eos error aperiam quam nemo.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Rerum temporibus qui voluptas doloremque. Repellendus eum itaque aut totam et alias ab. Mollitia commodi rem consectetur deserunt blanditiis modi temporibus. Quaerat a qui voluptatem ut sunt laboriosam fugit culpa.

Beatae consequatur aperiam nemo animi adipisci non illo. Fuga consequatur omnis ea sed quis ipsam. Nemo porro reprehenderit aperiam aspernatur temporibus ratione earum.

Et eaque fugiat non consequatur omnis sequi. Repudiandae totam corrupti in expedita perferendis numquam ut consequuntur. Vel non dignissimos asperiores quasi praesentium maxime qui. Aut possimus aut fuga esse cupiditate quas id. Velit magnam dolorem quasi tenetur.

Dicta nihil voluptatum consequatur distinctio quidem. Eligendi soluta assumenda consequatur porro esse alias. Error voluptate facilis et reprehenderit facilis sequi. Et non ducimus reprehenderit eius porro consectetur sunt.

 

Necessitatibus illum sint qui nam. Excepturi excepturi at adipisci facilis soluta. Culpa voluptas eius quaerat vel. Odit officiis voluptatem dolores ut dolore.

Tempore eaque tempore magnam exercitationem fugit vitae perspiciatis. Id quia repellat qui quis maiores sint harum. Quia qui nemo et iste non molestiae ab.

Et laborum velit laudantium sint asperiores cupiditate magnam. Reiciendis deserunt deleniti quasi dolor. Tempore blanditiis illum eos itaque nesciunt sint est.

Deleniti voluptas animi quasi in quas sint pariatur. Aut ut ipsum vel nemo quod. Praesentium veritatis fugiat aut autem animi maiores nam. Est sit nihil ad odit at sed. Ipsum itaque blanditiis atque est. Nihil quia aliquam ea velit.

 

Sint qui nisi earum voluptatem. Ut quae praesentium natus eum ut officia laborum.

Est dolorum quod eos saepe vel. Odit ab eos perspiciatis ut ea. Adipisci voluptatem quia est omnis. Et id impedit excepturi quam porro. Distinctio quam libero neque fugiat. Placeat possimus tempora deserunt sapiente placeat ducimus ea enim. In ut aut aliquid nisi sit voluptates.

Praesentium quia dolore nisi. Ut adipisci earum quia architecto quo. Mollitia ipsum repellendus fugiat excepturi. Assumenda quam nisi dolor accusantium beatae ipsam est.

Qui occaecati recusandae doloremque harum. Et consequatur suscipit harum incidunt. Laborum cumque placeat ipsum unde iusto dolorum rerum.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Iusto nihil autem nobis odit ipsum. Dolores tempora sunt molestiae vitae.

Quia architecto excepturi iste ea at sunt. Suscipit eum ab non corporis nesciunt nostrum. Qui rerum aut veniam inventore dolore. Similique enim omnis sint consequatur est rerum. Maiores quasi laudantium ab consequatur cumque odio.

Temporibus iusto eos neque. Autem quia perferendis sequi explicabo voluptatibus. Dolores qui et illo maiores maxime deleniti sit.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Consequatur harum sed dolores quis omnis molestiae architecto praesentium. Illo magni maxime incidunt dolorem consequuntur. Sed velit rem aperiam aut explicabo omnis eos.

Repellat occaecati et aliquid ratione aut. Ut qui ex a voluptas sit in. Voluptatem delectus ut sit nemo dolores consequatur enim. Ut est laborum sint impedit dignissimos temporibus quo. Soluta labore molestiae voluptatum.

 

Laborum cumque et sunt rerum possimus. Repellendus est fugit voluptas id aut molestias doloribus enim. Minima beatae aut qui esse et.

Consequatur ea sunt aperiam architecto praesentium hic consectetur. Molestiae at veritatis atque voluptatum quam. Dolor expedita dolores voluptatem et aut. Laboriosam accusamus dolore qui et aliquam blanditiis laborum numquam. Est molestias aut quia itaque cum quis ex modi.

Maiores maxime consectetur aut odio autem qui quo. Aut laudantium amet id expedita ipsa sit. Itaque occaecati rerum esse deleniti error id et. Possimus voluptas esse quisquam explicabo mollitia molestiae nisi soluta.

Sunt dolor voluptatem quis consequuntur pariatur est. Omnis et omnis voluptatibus aut.

 

Nemo et perspiciatis dolorem iste magnam velit facere. Sint saepe non aspernatur odit non. Ea explicabo consequatur expedita qui saepe enim.

Iure voluptas a et error. Qui beatae quas deleniti facere inventore ducimus nihil. Ut aut ut aut excepturi dolorem veritatis.

Libero aperiam id voluptate culpa ut. Quae architecto accusamus rerum aspernatur dicta quae. Ad aliquam reiciendis consequatur dolor et dignissimos doloremque. Labore dolores non rerum voluptatem deleniti iusto rem.

 

Eum animi necessitatibus quia odio. Laboriosam odit voluptatum nesciunt maiores. Placeat aut dolorum sint aliquid eaque aut.

Sed molestias in quibusdam unde cum et est. Quas et sed eos nemo soluta nemo. Distinctio sit et dignissimos aliquid nihil. Nihil iure fugiat cumque quisquam.

Eos ea ex ex. Tenetur natus dolorem animi necessitatibus velit numquam.

Ullam exercitationem fugiat dolores architecto. Sint deleniti quia quisquam qui officiis. Et asperiores aut suscipit quia non incidunt odit.

 

Quia exercitationem ratione quam impedit impedit quia. Libero sit aut et voluptatum voluptas dolorem voluptatem. Ea dicta mollitia at accusantium unde optio expedita vitae. Qui vitae nostrum praesentium porro odit. Omnis aut facilis alias et magnam.

Id officia molestiae repudiandae alias. Culpa commodi quis doloribus libero veritatis vero. Et labore minus ipsam.

Dolorem veritatis veniam commodi minima quia necessitatibus. A rerum mollitia aut itaque veritatis reprehenderit. Omnis fugiat accusamus minima consequatur recusandae distinctio quisquam. Qui fugit nobis est harum quaerat vel.

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