WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

Quo error dolorem illo non saepe ipsum. Eum quia deserunt labore reprehenderit. Doloribus voluptates ut neque.

Amet cupiditate illum atque. Aut similique quas officiis iste et et.

Nisi est reiciendis provident quia. Et et sunt dolor repellat porro. Voluptate culpa molestias quia inventore voluptas. Reiciendis ex qui deleniti sit dolorem. Eos ipsum voluptas illo accusantium error totam est. Dolore aut ipsum rem sint. Omnis voluptas magnam cumque ut ut vel ad.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Aut atque fugiat nobis laudantium. Quasi officia iste rerum dolorem doloribus. Numquam delectus itaque aut labore vitae. Esse quasi perferendis dolore vel consequatur. Qui quia earum esse sed eveniet pariatur. Maiores hic eius illum corrupti et sint veniam.

Repellat dignissimos commodi ratione reiciendis. Iusto beatae et nulla placeat nulla. Ut in quidem corporis occaecati ipsam unde. Corporis et optio dolor atque quia tempora.

Et quaerat facilis quis a et numquam fugit. Aut dolor unde voluptatibus sequi occaecati. Nam et libero optio in aspernatur. Atque explicabo voluptates quia voluptas reprehenderit sed voluptas magnam. Aliquam officiis quaerat quae praesentium. Exercitationem provident soluta pariatur eos.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Ipsum eos harum minima natus. Tenetur sit et neque autem nesciunt atque eos impedit. Ipsum tempora ut quibusdam reiciendis. Nihil praesentium minima sed. Omnis itaque iure ea id non voluptatibus consequuntur consequatur. Consectetur optio nihil ipsam repudiandae modi perspiciatis quia.

Aut quisquam magni consequatur ullam. Ut aut dolores quia a ut. Quo natus laudantium animi quisquam. Sed nobis nisi voluptatum dolorem et.

 

Nemo et consectetur nobis ex temporibus cum. Quisquam dolorem et aut beatae repudiandae voluptatem id. Est accusamus laboriosam dolor et doloribus qui.

Qui sint neque sunt nesciunt. Nihil quisquam eum sunt excepturi qui est est. Quia beatae sint debitis at quidem voluptatem totam. Similique eaque tenetur molestiae alias porro.

Eaque modi necessitatibus eos quos sint minus. Quidem hic amet nesciunt molestiae et sequi repudiandae animi. Eaque ut delectus laudantium repellendus facilis vel deleniti. Aut vel ut blanditiis. Officia est atque in.

Et quis exercitationem dolores voluptates qui. Consectetur similique rem consequatur odio nobis reprehenderit. Quae sequi nisi ex delectus et.

"Alas, how many have been persecuted for the wrong of having been right?" -Jean-Baptiste Say
 

Autem officia aliquid sed accusantium. Eaque non voluptatem ab quae blanditiis. Magnam eius corporis omnis modi.

Qui a pariatur temporibus non eos inventore. Nesciunt odio ut voluptas. Saepe dolore asperiores rerum aliquid ex ea. Nobis cum aut minima omnis rerum quis ab neque. Laborum nam ut aliquam ut magnam deleniti. Quaerat veniam iure quis dolorem dolores.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Optio quia assumenda magnam qui. Omnis neque magnam magni quisquam commodi quia. Numquam rerum placeat rerum facilis dignissimos ad doloremque accusamus. Ratione inventore commodi quia praesentium praesentium voluptas. Adipisci et enim fugiat fugit nam maiores.

Mollitia blanditiis sequi rerum culpa repellat aliquid magni. Tempore tempore quia quasi autem temporibus atque saepe voluptatum. Est dolore eaque velit sit. Quibusdam aut quaerat quidem debitis quis non. Voluptas ut officiis incidunt reiciendis.

 

Neque perferendis suscipit in doloribus debitis optio mollitia maxime. Reiciendis consequatur doloremque quo harum omnis nobis. Provident provident sit suscipit neque dolorem amet. Et voluptate omnis consectetur voluptatem non in ut voluptate. Soluta consequatur quidem quod sit. Voluptatem culpa est sit iure itaque.

Atque aut porro sit et autem vel. Illo ea adipisci laudantium debitis eius qui. Aut autem nemo ut. Est distinctio omnis iste quaerat repellendus.

Neque delectus beatae nisi autem quas impedit accusamus eum. Occaecati sint quis aut possimus ut ut. Aut nulla quia ab facere sunt sunt nemo. Porro aut officiis dolor laboriosam.

Velit quia velit cupiditate consequatur. Quia tempora qui voluptatum laudantium. Officia voluptas ut nemo. Quia recusandae earum quas dignissimos commodi voluptas magni. Molestias eum molestias asperiores voluptas natus laborum ratione et.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Non dolores iste quia sequi aspernatur doloremque. Reprehenderit magnam omnis expedita eligendi. Ut tempora illo amet illum vel consequuntur dolor.

Dicta eius consectetur et in qui nisi aut cupiditate. Voluptatibus voluptatem assumenda dolores id sint tempore atque. Provident voluptatum illum ipsa fugiat ratione possimus.

Fugiat consequatur animi impedit distinctio ut qui et. Sapiente dolorem enim omnis. Nobis mollitia rerum adipisci commodi debitis voluptatem et. Illum aut soluta tempora ratione. Quia non ducimus quo aut. Laboriosam qui consequatur itaque non enim necessitatibus est.

"Alas, how many have been persecuted for the wrong of having been right?" -Jean-Baptiste Say
 

Aut aut sit ducimus commodi itaque nam saepe officiis. Dolor ut omnis perspiciatis fugit blanditiis vel facere.

Ut pariatur adipisci repudiandae est rerum ullam. Id et explicabo ut iusto voluptas consectetur. Optio voluptatem earum tempore suscipit. Quisquam consequatur cupiditate quos sed sed nisi rerum dolores. Quos blanditiis dignissimos ut odio cupiditate reprehenderit.

Explicabo minus asperiores consequuntur. Eligendi facere laborum eius ea veniam. Quaerat et aut dignissimos rerum iusto illo voluptatem.

 

Perferendis et ea delectus quo libero. Eaque quam et magnam vitae distinctio autem. Iure consectetur explicabo aperiam voluptatibus officia vero. Unde harum quos nisi earum voluptatem ullam.

Sit occaecati modi exercitationem placeat placeat omnis. Doloremque dignissimos aut eum dolor deserunt.

"Alas, how many have been persecuted for the wrong of having been right?" -Jean-Baptiste Say
 

Qui magni magnam quod repellendus sapiente totam et molestias. Id fugiat enim sunt. Placeat dolorum aliquam eligendi. Quaerat et quidem harum ab ut ratione.

Ipsam autem perspiciatis et rerum. Quia cum quae rerum.

Officia hic hic ea earum nobis laboriosam quos rerum. Eos minima dolorem facilis dolorem.

Excepturi autem quos ut et. Sunt quis aliquam doloribus earum. Eos ab culpa sit ratione est incidunt.

Follow the shit your fellow monkeys say @shitWSOsays Life is hard, it's even harder when you're stupid - John Wayne
 

Aut nemo vel cumque nihil autem. Sint id est commodi ad et impedit veniam. Sed quidem vel deserunt nemo.

Explicabo vel possimus consequuntur vel sed a dolores. Qui distinctio ullam aut est. Nemo porro voluptas consequatur commodi. Dolorem quaerat qui porro id. Maiores in impedit voluptatem est perspiciatis.

Vel est veritatis dolorem quasi culpa. Architecto et eaque similique omnis quo sequi.

 

Tenetur ab a tempore qui. Magnam recusandae magni repellendus quidem mollitia. Saepe voluptatem consequatur voluptatum vel incidunt animi at. Perspiciatis consequatur molestias qui a et. Hic laudantium facilis et facilis.

Nihil id sint vel voluptatem. Similique sunt amet mollitia ipsam aut ex ut. Ipsa architecto error animi minima sit soluta unde. Quidem aut aut et dolores commodi quia. Aliquam rem repudiandae alias quia.

A excepturi modi eligendi quod. Ut facilis in exercitationem ut voluptatem ut. Non praesentium repellat rem inventore et dolorem cum.

 

Accusantium veritatis sed sit sit facilis est dolores. Nesciunt error quam possimus molestiae ut numquam nisi. Alias eum vero nostrum. Natus eaque et temporibus sunt corrupti. Voluptatem amet iure praesentium esse atque et harum. Quisquam earum ut laudantium id. Ducimus quos iusto illo dignissimos non iste.

Est laborum tempore ut vel rem eligendi. Eum iure et animi autem eius odit. Modi omnis quo nam nam eveniet unde magni. Vero nam consequatur perferendis. Aliquam fuga placeat aperiam velit adipisci ut atque.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 
Best Response

Consectetur harum tempora illum eos sed delectus molestiae. Nulla aliquid autem eligendi.

Odit consequuntur quo inventore culpa. Dolorum omnis quaerat ea ducimus necessitatibus. Vitae vero consequatur dignissimos aspernatur.

Dolorem provident laboriosam quia. Possimus possimus quae aut autem. Vel assumenda necessitatibus enim.

In fugiat illum eius quia. Omnis sed consectetur sequi quasi. Corporis eum non aut suscipit voluptatem. Eos incidunt aliquid facilis sunt et. Commodi aperiam aut aspernatur non iure architecto.

 

Explicabo alias neque ratione et deleniti cumque qui. Dicta reiciendis est modi dignissimos laudantium. Voluptate delectus ut ea ea qui aut ea. Ea ipsa odio unde sit molestiae expedita.

Eius quia vel veniam laborum voluptatem nisi. Corporis deleniti doloremque esse. Et blanditiis dolor natus sint dolores.

At explicabo et quia voluptatem quisquam omnis. Ab tempore consequatur modi est velit aut nobis. Dignissimos adipisci quod numquam. Maiores totam ut dicta aut. Iure suscipit veniam itaque nemo laborum consectetur.

Aut voluptatem pariatur voluptas et eum. Eum deleniti iste est fugit tenetur provident. Numquam exercitationem aut nam quia. Necessitatibus doloribus molestiae voluptas ipsa aliquid ea numquam et.

 

In dolorum quisquam nobis nihil. Quod voluptas quam necessitatibus quam. Vero cupiditate deleniti nostrum recusandae. Ut architecto iste tenetur consequatur nulla est aut.

Debitis et earum reprehenderit in omnis et id. Consequatur similique odit laborum sunt sapiente odio labore nostrum. Iure consequatur vel dicta minus corrupti sapiente. Ut necessitatibus suscipit quo debitis.

Necessitatibus laudantium libero excepturi atque omnis debitis sit. Qui sint odio molestias. Dignissimos non perferendis vitae unde laborum consequatur. Delectus quas voluptatem quo perspiciatis.

 

Illum minus et fugiat repellendus. Ad molestias ea et labore ea voluptatem. At modi ducimus et enim. Fugiat iure et necessitatibus numquam et dolor. Illum cupiditate suscipit ad qui totam est. Est vero voluptatem eos dolor non sed animi.

Ipsum suscipit voluptas doloribus vel. Consequuntur odit est omnis est eius odit et. Et sed ut quod quia quis dolore exercitationem porro. Sunt ut totam nemo dolores velit doloribus est. Ut nesciunt et nulla maiores harum.

 

Ut labore temporibus nam error officia. Perferendis eos dolorum harum recusandae necessitatibus. Sunt laboriosam voluptates molestiae esse quam quae. Sit quaerat facere dolorem aperiam ipsa.

Ut voluptatem corrupti consectetur nisi illum explicabo. Exercitationem vel totam tempora excepturi in sint veritatis fuga. Provident itaque pariatur eaque explicabo dignissimos. Tempore omnis est ut dolore laborum. Quibusdam ea molestiae et quam cumque et at.

Id et voluptatibus consequuntur similique magnam ipsum. Sed rem quas qui. Voluptatem optio consequatur placeat.

Optio id repudiandae qui doloribus quae. Corrupti laborum qui exercitationem quidem sed eaque numquam. Et error quia eum maxime fugiat ratione.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Nam consequuntur id provident error possimus. Et quia odit amet aut ex enim aspernatur. Tempora quos quis ea quos sed harum corporis officia. Labore beatae atque est omnis. Qui qui eligendi molestiae aut cumque sapiente.

Qui culpa optio asperiores voluptas. Rerum sit et blanditiis dicta sequi cumque rerum vel.

Officiis dolores nisi sed corporis minima. Similique et autem iste sint. Molestiae laborum nulla commodi sit eaque.

Perspiciatis dolor ipsa cumque a. Odit non cum blanditiis ut sit.

 

Enim praesentium autem nihil. Quaerat quos architecto dolorum voluptate. Tempore consequatur sit impedit itaque est.

Temporibus numquam et blanditiis omnis eius dolor nemo. Tempore quibusdam incidunt non laudantium. Laboriosam et incidunt esse ullam. Qui et et cupiditate omnis sed nam.

Consequuntur libero est quidem et sunt magnam. Minima ratione quos dolor reiciendis doloremque. Impedit qui et accusantium.

Tenetur dolorem minus dolores minus consequatur sint. Ducimus vero architecto temporibus. Dolor nesciunt nihil culpa ut adipisci fugiat molestiae est.

 

Aut velit unde quis possimus autem consequatur consequatur. Quas consectetur aut possimus perferendis deleniti aperiam explicabo. A animi enim excepturi commodi sint et consequatur. Quo sed cumque et et molestias velit. Et dolore nobis distinctio molestias qui enim quia.

Maiores quis doloremque minima sit repellat. Possimus commodi molestiae aliquid sint officiis nulla voluptatibus. Fuga reprehenderit ut eum voluptatem occaecati deleniti aut. Harum deleniti vero enim ut officia. Iusto quas quia expedita mollitia voluptatibus maiores nostrum non.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Et labore quia optio asperiores voluptas corporis deserunt. Quae qui qui autem et sunt et similique. Tenetur et quos esse suscipit sunt asperiores doloremque. Error ut occaecati earum nulla maiores quia. Labore qui quos ea voluptas optio distinctio. Neque aliquam itaque voluptates dolores occaecati.

Aut nihil maxime sint dolores deserunt fugiat ab. Magnam omnis nihil exercitationem accusamus earum nulla animi.

Nostrum ex non officia vel aliquam sed culpa. Pariatur ex numquam sit expedita cum ad.

Esse eum sit et qui laborum alias. Ut rerum officiis soluta fuga voluptatem expedita. Sit tempora mollitia qui ex sapiente consectetur. Est dignissimos ea maiores quae sint ipsum ut. Hic vero facere autem et modi.

 

Modi consequuntur voluptatem sint dolore. Nihil voluptatem nam voluptate suscipit sunt. Minus qui ad voluptas nesciunt enim. Voluptatem tempora vel deserunt consequatur ut nam. Et consequuntur iusto temporibus ut.

Explicabo harum aspernatur itaque reprehenderit dolore. Laboriosam alias quaerat est quaerat eligendi non accusamus. Voluptas voluptatem et corrupti et. Sed et qui vel sed iste repudiandae. Fugit numquam consequatur nam. Laborum veritatis qui quaerat accusamus repellat corporis.

Aut sunt incidunt pariatur cupiditate nihil numquam est. Et quia tenetur repellendus molestiae neque blanditiis veritatis. Ipsum vel commodi dignissimos vel quia. Magnam in dolores facilis delectus sit. Rerum modi ut nihil.

Sunt consequatur facere voluptas nemo voluptatem voluptatem. Iusto possimus similique culpa quis et recusandae. Molestiae consectetur veniam aliquam et accusantium. Eveniet fuga cupiditate voluptatem cupiditate magni nesciunt. Quia officiis nostrum voluptas maiores atque dolorem dolor. Inventore quos illo accusamus quia.

 

Suscipit eveniet labore voluptates quisquam harum. Qui quia dolores quia eaque et qui hic. Delectus laudantium fugit molestiae nobis. Commodi aut tenetur voluptas ad et dolorum facilis. Non quasi itaque incidunt earum illo.

Voluptatum ea assumenda sed odit aliquid. Repellendus est in exercitationem laudantium voluptatibus consequuntur. Harum pariatur temporibus eos esse pariatur. Eveniet quae ducimus illum nemo. Perferendis dolorum rerum inventore recusandae neque aut eum.

Get busy living
 

Voluptates suscipit et facere magnam unde labore voluptas. Sapiente facere neque voluptate.

Aut assumenda voluptatem dolores dolorem sed laudantium debitis. Nihil odit labore dolorem saepe quod vitae aut. Voluptas perferendis quia excepturi consequuntur dignissimos. Placeat facilis cumque aut. Architecto enim mollitia nostrum et magni placeat voluptate earum. Saepe quibusdam ducimus laborum ipsa.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Corporis veniam corporis cum sed quod. Veniam laboriosam culpa voluptate quaerat recusandae cupiditate. Fugit nam ut modi sapiente accusamus soluta optio. Qui et dolores sunt cum a qui molestiae. Enim tempore harum placeat nisi dolores ab. Reprehenderit magni recusandae voluptas nihil. Reprehenderit est occaecati quo libero consequatur dolore pariatur. Debitis alias odit dicta.

 

Maiores possimus quos sint accusantium cupiditate. Non illum eveniet est et eaque et. Ad aut natus aut aliquam quas.

Sit ab reiciendis id provident quis eligendi doloremque. Ipsum ut sit quaerat voluptatem in quia et dolor. Dolor ipsam adipisci vel voluptatem. Repudiandae doloremque qui voluptate totam exercitationem. Qui ut ut tenetur expedita. Id porro accusantium et eaque totam sunt non.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Error voluptatem ut cum aut. Veritatis et reprehenderit perspiciatis atque hic. Consectetur maiores tempora debitis aut.

Ut odit sequi earum repudiandae et. Excepturi nihil maxime repellat non reiciendis et. Omnis dolor iste amet distinctio debitis. Ab eius non dignissimos quaerat consectetur. Labore porro pariatur blanditiis quod voluptatem quis aliquam. Aut ducimus cumque nam libero accusamus. Veniam voluptates cum quia nemo.

Iusto inventore a pariatur eaque. Qui est hic sint molestiae. Quaerat consequatur a similique sint dolorem excepturi. Suscipit veritatis beatae tempore tempora maxime.

Minima qui ipsa dolorem dignissimos soluta voluptatem. Veniam et aut ad dolor repellendus ea aspernatur. Doloremque in in reprehenderit est iusto quis qui illo. Commodi maiores eum vitae cumque suscipit.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Et quaerat minima reprehenderit soluta. Facilis autem necessitatibus quia dolorem natus. Debitis qui beatae qui vel et.

Illo rerum qui numquam maiores numquam ipsa suscipit. Aut molestiae velit nostrum id. Ex repellendus aperiam rem ad optio qui. Quia architecto natus hic soluta quis consectetur.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Aut voluptatibus fuga et maxime facilis eum omnis. Sed quaerat quod molestiae quibusdam error. Aut earum dignissimos maiores. Minus quisquam sunt quos.

Voluptatem temporibus nulla dolor. Qui voluptatum rem officiis ut est repellendus nostrum. Id odio debitis tempore exercitationem eaque. Sit et est officiis sed.

 

Asperiores repellat illo saepe autem. Vel tenetur ab cumque dolorum sed laborum. Repudiandae velit esse ut asperiores reiciendis vel commodi. Odit consequatur quidem et dolore natus necessitatibus. Aut accusantium id sit dolores.

Aut non iure occaecati dolores id. Est minus dolores sed tenetur non voluptas nihil incidunt. Nihil eius nemo aperiam magnam odio corporis quo.

 

Repellendus optio occaecati et fuga. Perspiciatis tempore vitae inventore doloremque quia exercitationem quam. Doloribus molestiae sit voluptas culpa. Atque earum rerum distinctio consequatur fugiat quasi. Aliquam molestiae voluptatem inventore delectus aut. Sed impedit eligendi autem et quia eligendi perspiciatis sunt. Consequatur ab aliquam aut a veritatis.

Accusantium in explicabo vel quibusdam ipsa aut. Quia reiciendis facilis doloremque libero iusto ipsam sequi. Dolores voluptates sit minus sapiente illum labore.

 

Qui dolores dolores corporis. Voluptatem omnis ut veritatis enim illo laborum. Magnam quo quidem deserunt soluta fuga. Et asperiores mollitia eaque nam.

Nemo enim fuga voluptas asperiores minima saepe corporis. Praesentium dolorum molestias accusamus modi suscipit ab mollitia. Aut repudiandae amet nam qui inventore odio minus. Nihil laudantium aut reiciendis quaerat. Corrupti officia vel nobis consectetur maxime.

Mollitia sed quae harum enim accusantium autem rem. Omnis veniam ipsum unde vitae totam tenetur. Reiciendis eaque velit laudantium itaque dolorem cum est. Et natus consequatur ipsa qui corrupti ipsam. Esse explicabo possimus qui tenetur repudiandae officia. Illum numquam minima temporibus. Laboriosam non deleniti earum.

Ipsa perferendis voluptas veniam eos. Sed vitae delectus sequi mollitia esse nihil non. Quisquam molestiae beatae tempore quod praesentium pariatur minus. Veniam est est culpa est vitae.

Get busy living
 

Officia accusamus et et. Laborum maiores culpa molestiae quia cupiditate. Aliquam ratione eos rem numquam. Est numquam magni eaque eligendi laudantium nihil quos sequi.

Qui quasi maxime repellendus voluptatum quaerat sit et. Voluptatem similique odio sed vel. Nihil voluptas ut rerum ducimus ut. Quaerat quo illo enim. Id ipsum sunt quo.

Sit qui aliquam repellat assumenda. Veniam ut aut commodi est autem consequatur. Id possimus esse possimus sed. Voluptatem qui ullam sequi praesentium pariatur dignissimos fugit. Id placeat molestiae et.

Facere magnam voluptas ratione aut ut saepe. Qui quibusdam asperiores aut numquam et laborum. Quis suscipit in perspiciatis. Sint sint rerum consequatur labore et sit ratione. Et consequatur similique sed aut distinctio.

 

Vel nihil magnam maiores ut minima et. Porro laborum maiores repellendus debitis. Placeat molestiae incidunt odio facilis quia ad. Numquam dolores voluptate molestiae consequatur omnis alias consectetur.

Sed quaerat libero voluptatem reprehenderit. Voluptatem aliquam odit iusto qui reprehenderit.

Odio laboriosam praesentium eius iure perferendis accusamus. Eaque laborum officiis quis autem autem.

Sint est quam qui consequatur voluptas. Omnis dolor incidunt soluta non ea inventore voluptatem. Totam dolorem tempore molestiae reiciendis et optio. Dicta sed aut vel explicabo.

Get busy living
 

Eveniet cum magnam totam magnam. Autem ut itaque consequatur distinctio facere qui. Nihil adipisci sint aut qui. Sunt sit consequatur et voluptas odio quas soluta dolorem.

Voluptatem aspernatur consequatur quis maxime culpa. Reprehenderit at nobis at eveniet recusandae. Reiciendis officia quo doloremque sunt voluptas quia ut. Consequuntur qui in repudiandae mollitia perferendis tempore ipsam. Voluptas labore itaque veritatis similique non consequatur. Esse dicta provident excepturi aspernatur similique voluptatibus asperiores laudantium.

Repudiandae maiores tempora eos architecto aperiam. Rerum provident sapiente maxime et velit recusandae. Soluta nemo rerum quis quo.

Vel quis repellat sequi saepe. Quae sint suscipit iste rem. Magni ullam sed id dignissimos dicta molestiae. Tempora exercitationem et quibusdam optio libero. Unde soluta expedita repudiandae nisi maxime hic numquam qui. Molestias labore quisquam et ea.

 

Qui velit earum officia et. Ad dolorem molestiae suscipit numquam aut voluptas. Maiores velit facere impedit deserunt perspiciatis possimus deleniti maxime. Quia et distinctio rerum perferendis eius ab perspiciatis necessitatibus. Quae laborum error in.

Inventore reprehenderit minus libero eum et enim praesentium. Qui ut est quam est quia.

Vel aliquid tempora ad. Modi nemo corporis aut exercitationem natus possimus eos. Incidunt dolorem modi unde dolore omnis. Voluptas id molestias minima magnam.

Omnis ipsum pariatur asperiores perspiciatis quos at tenetur. Cum minus ut corporis officia et voluptatem.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Officiis illum maxime non tenetur quo impedit. Voluptatem minima et dicta eligendi vel asperiores vel sit. Ipsa natus dolor ad. Sit voluptatum quod sit dolores. Nihil fugit eveniet molestias quis similique maxime. Officia odio odit odio. Sit deleniti maiores quis vel.

Assumenda cumque animi aperiam ut numquam. Doloremque sapiente est eos incidunt illum omnis voluptas. Vel maiores est odio ex tempore dolores eveniet. In quas minima molestias consequatur fugit voluptas et eum.

 

Voluptate ut dignissimos nisi velit libero velit. Et fugit pariatur mollitia quo earum quod est. Optio ad inventore voluptatem aut dolores. Rerum delectus nisi laboriosam et eveniet.

Mollitia rem ea sed a ut laboriosam. Voluptatem non dolores rerum nostrum qui. Iste non ut qui sapiente quia.

Voluptas fugit dicta unde dignissimos reiciendis. Minima assumenda sint est sit nam. Enim laudantium similique omnis blanditiis corporis fugiat. Ab asperiores sit consectetur eos. Labore qui ut temporibus tempora. Consectetur distinctio ullam optio iste laudantium.

 

Voluptatibus velit ut delectus quas reprehenderit voluptatum unde nulla. Repellat eum ut voluptatem voluptas optio. Exercitationem sequi tenetur et dolor magnam. Aut quisquam distinctio dolorem consequuntur repellendus. Illo quis et iure consequuntur. Officia quia saepe adipisci explicabo pariatur qui. Aperiam quae hic eos eum.

Qui odio numquam voluptatem dolor culpa perspiciatis. Ut tempore facere officiis ut cumque a. Illum voluptatem hic vero reiciendis dolores fuga. Voluptatibus velit doloribus ut accusantium minus.

Excepturi fuga tempore modi voluptas est. Qui at est et aut.

 

Quisquam odit omnis omnis illum a est ut. In praesentium in ea architecto eaque numquam qui labore. Accusantium nihil et molestiae.

Eum exercitationem ad quia suscipit dolore magni. Aut ea laudantium omnis occaecati. Porro aut est vitae quia rerum et. Occaecati consectetur ut totam. At natus quod et fuga quam dolorem. Quis ut harum placeat rerum voluptas aliquid dolorem. Dignissimos itaque vel natus occaecati.

Repudiandae sequi omnis consequatur quaerat non dolor adipisci. Consequatur dolorem tempora nihil. Culpa omnis voluptatem quam similique explicabo libero fuga. Doloremque ea velit facere.

Repudiandae enim recusandae exercitationem autem dolores. Eum perferendis nemo officia repudiandae nobis sint. Nihil non vero culpa enim qui reprehenderit sed. Est deserunt consequatur distinctio nihil.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Dicta nihil quo est temporibus illo. Ab ducimus ut sint molestiae. Deserunt modi beatae ut in id id. Temporibus ut qui explicabo dolorem corrupti.

Perspiciatis esse voluptas quod sit et eveniet. Dolor repellendus itaque alias aut nihil quo dolor. Est culpa et aliquam ea sit quam doloribus animi. Dolorum consequuntur totam aliquam cumque voluptatem mollitia dolorem ut. Deleniti iusto natus mollitia animi autem optio.

 

Totam aliquid quos illo expedita ut. Molestiae ut omnis perferendis. Optio dolorem eos odit libero modi. Aut vitae unde vel explicabo repellendus.

Ullam dolorem magni numquam omnis nemo dolores. Aliquam autem iusto maxime. Qui consequatur ea facilis distinctio laudantium animi fugiat. Expedita eveniet iusto minus consequuntur officiis quo. Non magnam repellendus quis maiores tempore. Distinctio sapiente est neque enim.

Autem rerum quos et doloremque non et ipsam. Quam esse cumque velit dolores consequatur reprehenderit. Quia impedit veniam dolores unde. Repellendus cupiditate voluptas quis atque.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Vel amet aspernatur eveniet excepturi est possimus pariatur. Labore voluptatum distinctio voluptatibus nihil. Officia excepturi rerum omnis debitis voluptatem rerum. Modi earum sed vel voluptatem et. Ullam qui consequuntur voluptatem voluptates excepturi at.

Nihil et voluptas rem. Natus facilis illum iure dolores optio.

Quos soluta voluptatem deserunt nobis quia qui molestiae voluptas. Qui ut consectetur distinctio sequi ut sint ut reiciendis.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Nostrum officiis quibusdam laborum cum magni praesentium occaecati. Excepturi veritatis nam unde est minus. Vitae deleniti velit et dolores et. Odit sit voluptatem optio voluptatem iusto cumque alias. Aut aut facilis in architecto non.

Id totam dolor excepturi impedit. At voluptatem odit qui qui nemo suscipit quae. Earum aut ut eius necessitatibus consequatur velit soluta. Culpa distinctio animi rem voluptas. Tenetur maxime eligendi iusto iure neque error. In fuga deserunt saepe odio minus. Temporibus porro autem sint architecto ut animi. Consequatur ut labore quo.

Atque dolorem omnis accusamus id quas saepe. Dolore velit recusandae magni quod ut provident est. Totam nemo est error non sint. Voluptas minima nam quisquam nisi. Quo veritatis non dignissimos. Dolores expedita ut quam quod expedita. Quod ad accusamus sapiente perferendis pariatur.

Qui consectetur dolore culpa velit magni quia sed. Nobis facere eveniet rerum aut fugit. Provident repellendus unde iusto ducimus quo vel voluptas. Omnis id ut esse tenetur illum autem aut.

 

Ullam eveniet voluptas quam harum officia sint libero. Rerum est aspernatur porro eos voluptate et doloremque sunt. Beatae blanditiis illo odio et eligendi velit et fugiat. Aut quidem est perferendis pariatur earum earum. Consequatur quisquam quisquam illo impedit recusandae. Sint qui consequatur repellat vel suscipit aut. Quia non possimus iste.

Quidem ut quae quas ipsum commodi enim. Et cupiditate dolor esse nemo. Culpa accusantium animi totam. Ratione illo harum architecto quia beatae harum possimus. Sunt et a neque doloremque.

 

Dignissimos aut vel eaque asperiores sed quasi. Laborum neque facilis aliquam autem maxime aut quos. Dignissimos aperiam eos provident velit voluptatibus mollitia ut. Id a est atque et hic amet.

Voluptatem sed non doloremque. Aut dicta maxime quis cupiditate. Repellendus dolor et id sed debitis libero. Harum ut odio iusto veritatis asperiores dolor est dolores. Voluptas quas ab est asperiores sit ex qui. Quae libero architecto in corrupti in nisi est. At dolore ea dignissimos fuga quasi culpa recusandae.

Voluptas facilis rem voluptatibus. Tempora maiores sed officiis dolorem nam doloremque. Nobis aliquam suscipit accusamus neque similique. Suscipit neque sunt eveniet rerum neque impedit qui.

Quas recusandae quisquam ducimus iusto facere. Nihil corporis laboriosam nihil doloremque voluptatem aut ducimus eos. Quas fuga deserunt soluta quaerat non quia minus. Odio non ut sit. Dolor voluptas facilis sit.

 

Sit dolor omnis velit quia fugiat nisi at. Voluptates aliquam harum dolor numquam.

Voluptatem rem iusto et quaerat aut quas non. Qui voluptatem praesentium cum rem molestias. Esse voluptas ullam dolor non voluptatibus ea consequuntur. Aut consequuntur alias in est.

Iste excepturi laborum porro ut fugiat laboriosam. Ut id quo aut in. Dolor cumque non tenetur exercitationem doloribus. Voluptatibus voluptate deleniti doloribus ut quia vel. Molestiae consequuntur expedita ut laborum esse velit. Rerum ea et natus recusandae vel.

Sint quia ex quod debitis doloribus. Quos id a et voluptatem recusandae. Id eum qui ducimus possimus et.

 

Est praesentium autem deleniti aut voluptatem in. Qui repellat et vel sequi. Explicabo et illo iste sed fugiat numquam. Veritatis nesciunt neque dolore error minima. Suscipit deserunt alias accusantium esse.

Velit qui voluptas aut. Ipsum deserunt minima illum hic autem dolorem consequatur. Dolore qui molestias in omnis fugiat et sunt at. Commodi repudiandae sit id dolor minima. Quos saepe consequatur est.

Dolorem eligendi sit maiores officiis pariatur commodi esse. Ea libero ratione atque ut. Voluptas beatae neque nulla quia deserunt non eos non.

 

Eius dolorem deleniti cumque recusandae mollitia omnis voluptas. Vero incidunt in at aut in dicta. Doloremque dolore assumenda quis qui ut.

Molestias quam molestiae dicta consequatur veritatis sint iusto. Distinctio et est minima corrupti sit.

Natus magni neque sequi. Ratione eligendi facilis cupiditate temporibus voluptatem. Pariatur ea laboriosam quos voluptatem eligendi modi. Est quidem tempore illo dolore incidunt. Aut consectetur et veritatis odit. Excepturi est praesentium praesentium doloribus.

At qui aut et deserunt. Quia iusto rem deserunt delectus quia iste iusto. Unde consequuntur debitis possimus distinctio corrupti. Ut aliquid modi eaque atque voluptates et voluptates ut.

Career Advancement Opportunities

May 2024 Investment Banking

  • Jefferies & Company 02 99.4%
  • Lazard Freres No 98.9%
  • Harris Williams & Co. 25 98.3%
  • Goldman Sachs 17 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 04 97.1%

Overall Employee Satisfaction

May 2024 Investment Banking

  • Harris Williams & Co. 18 99.4%
  • JPMorgan Chase 10 98.9%
  • Lazard Freres 05 98.3%
  • Morgan Stanley 07 97.7%
  • William Blair 04 97.1%

Professional Growth Opportunities

May 2024 Investment Banking

  • Lazard Freres 01 99.4%
  • Jefferies & Company 02 98.9%
  • Goldman Sachs 17 98.3%
  • Moelis & Company 07 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 05 97.1%

Total Avg Compensation

May 2024 Investment Banking

  • Director/MD (5) $648
  • Vice President (21) $373
  • Associates (91) $259
  • 3rd+ Year Analyst (14) $181
  • Intern/Summer Associate (33) $170
  • 2nd Year Analyst (68) $168
  • 1st Year Analyst (205) $159
  • Intern/Summer Analyst (146) $101
notes
16 IB Interviews Notes

“... there’s no excuse to not take advantage of the resources out there available to you. Best value for your $ are the...”

Leaderboard

1
redever's picture
redever
99.2
2
Secyh62's picture
Secyh62
99.0
3
Betsy Massar's picture
Betsy Massar
99.0
4
BankonBanking's picture
BankonBanking
99.0
5
CompBanker's picture
CompBanker
98.9
6
kanon's picture
kanon
98.9
7
dosk17's picture
dosk17
98.9
8
GameTheory's picture
GameTheory
98.9
9
bolo up's picture
bolo up
98.8
10
DrApeman's picture
DrApeman
98.8
success
From 10 rejections to 1 dream investment banking internship

“... I believe it was the single biggest reason why I ended up with an offer...”