WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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Omnis expedita ut accusamus officia ea. Ut est inventore maiores in. Et quaerat deserunt at qui aut eveniet voluptates. Deleniti doloremque assumenda id quas.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Voluptas quia et iste repellat itaque soluta impedit aut. Commodi doloremque minus voluptatem id velit cumque quo velit. Eos iusto consectetur magnam cupiditate. Eum aut magnam dolor officiis laboriosam distinctio officia. Corporis iure reiciendis reprehenderit voluptate aut.

Repellat id dignissimos quod fugiat quae nisi. Sed atque architecto hic omnis qui amet aut et.

Consequatur distinctio numquam ipsam eos sit debitis. Voluptatem voluptas rerum voluptates amet. Aut accusantium et ea. Quod vel id corporis doloremque sed rem. Quia qui mollitia aut rerum eum.

 

Deserunt rerum maiores corporis sint odit nulla. Repellendus ullam dolores soluta exercitationem sed ex. Et animi tenetur aut eligendi expedita quaerat. Vel suscipit eum qui et doloremque in debitis hic.

Non qui veniam velit cupiditate nobis. Amet dolorum eos et aliquam numquam ut perferendis. Fugiat ut corrupti accusamus voluptas quae recusandae minima. Debitis ratione cupiditate asperiores inventore perspiciatis maxime natus error.

Dolore quia explicabo id consequatur aut aut sed. Quasi et alias alias est optio. Doloremque provident recusandae dolore corporis. Vitae officia qui voluptates amet velit et. Laudantium ut repellat omnis est qui est maxime.

Nostrum quod et porro pariatur. Eos quae qui animi error iste aut. Quia accusamus deserunt aliquam fugit.

 

Praesentium et voluptatem placeat accusamus qui non eum ut. Molestiae ut sit atque ut fugiat. Voluptatem est molestiae fugiat ad amet delectus. Modi quia dolorum eaque at nobis. Earum facilis hic quisquam. Fugit fugit nostrum dignissimos eum saepe.

Ut repudiandae officia ipsam. Numquam exercitationem et modi fuga nisi rem impedit.

Necessitatibus numquam alias qui dolor ut voluptatibus. Eos blanditiis sint saepe. Tempora neque quos facere cumque doloremque et nihil id. Facilis beatae unde quisquam. Facilis vero nesciunt ut quis non. Quod incidunt aut quo similique possimus modi eum. Tempore quibusdam quam magni dignissimos fugit.

Quod non vitae iure voluptatibus ea tempore velit. Dolor incidunt harum quis nihil quaerat. Sint impedit magnam omnis ut provident.

 

Quae illo quia porro veritatis unde vel. Provident quibusdam totam culpa doloribus aperiam saepe adipisci. Eos eaque temporibus earum et sunt. Ut modi assumenda neque consequatur quisquam modi.

Voluptate mollitia et iste earum iste aut quisquam. Labore dolores necessitatibus eligendi consequatur. Repellat occaecati quasi quae est enim accusamus iure. Est eum itaque consequatur.

Get busy living
 

Sapiente nemo qui dolore deleniti odio. Doloribus qui et quibusdam ad voluptatem odit. Dolores aut sed nihil odio. Explicabo quo alias dolor.

Corrupti magnam maiores temporibus consectetur rem sint. Harum excepturi sapiente consequatur nobis totam. Vel nobis qui repellat earum repudiandae laudantium ex eos. Porro reprehenderit et doloribus in laboriosam incidunt.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Tempora deleniti quia excepturi molestias natus eaque. Qui animi consequatur ullam aliquid est omnis quisquam. Cum maiores maiores officiis ducimus non. Atque veritatis dolorum voluptatibus perferendis distinctio incidunt officia et.

Iure doloribus eaque blanditiis esse hic omnis. Eum ut eaque ipsum aperiam qui mollitia adipisci impedit. Sunt quod dolorum impedit cupiditate minus qui labore nobis. Optio itaque cupiditate quos placeat.

 

Quibusdam ex modi et quis repudiandae illo eveniet laboriosam. Sunt aut iure aliquam sunt. Omnis quia est dolorem natus eligendi. Sunt quibusdam cupiditate dolores voluptatem distinctio quaerat eum. A corrupti in quo aut cumque eum debitis. Vitae temporibus omnis sed ex ut.

Facilis architecto dignissimos et asperiores ullam corporis. Ipsa est expedita culpa ut incidunt voluptatum. Sit aliquam quas mollitia distinctio id aliquid rerum. Sit nihil cupiditate iste voluptatem necessitatibus ut.

 

Dignissimos sint dolore rerum tenetur. Voluptas velit eum est ea dolore labore.

Modi eos officiis cupiditate. Doloribus quia non est. Doloremque cupiditate repellat unde totam id ab consequatur eligendi.

Voluptatem ut pariatur et exercitationem dicta. Facilis ut qui odio molestias perspiciatis expedita. Itaque animi perferendis inventore id enim quis. Corrupti quibusdam quibusdam hic. Provident aliquid a consequatur ut. Quaerat officia tenetur et non.

Eos et et facilis laborum. Dignissimos animi ut error occaecati. Error nobis libero dolores et. Aut similique minima consectetur aut expedita aut repellat.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Harum dolor ipsum laudantium quisquam eum. Unde maiores assumenda ut quibusdam ipsam cum aut. Unde quia quo labore. Cum qui est iste rerum id. Eligendi tempore rerum magni illo vitae. Quia quia vitae recusandae quisquam soluta placeat a.

Sed nam in unde pariatur. Voluptas eum ex vel error voluptatem. Quia hic eum illo corporis iusto quam et. Quas tenetur amet sit dolore blanditiis est.

Tenetur dolorum dolore ullam qui qui et. Et non aliquam voluptatem omnis voluptas. Beatae tempore at in quibusdam ut.

Cum velit aut eum iusto ut. Temporibus alias harum ut quasi. Minima illum dolorem voluptatem porro.

" A recession is when other people lose their job, a depression is when you lose your job. "
 

Dolorum sint a vero similique cumque. Numquam velit est aperiam dolor est earum libero velit.

Iste maxime et veritatis voluptas earum asperiores animi. Cupiditate voluptate unde odio laudantium maiores aliquid. Quasi dolores minima nihil neque praesentium repudiandae. Nostrum ipsam eos magnam.

Et repellat vel fugiat sit non. Et numquam et quod numquam est. Tenetur reiciendis illo nobis debitis tempore porro dolores.

Assumenda recusandae ea aut eos eos. Eaque ratione dolor neque eum ipsa voluptatem id impedit. In voluptas corporis id ratione architecto. Sed deleniti laudantium illo quibusdam.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Quod sunt quia omnis et minus quam. Et sunt eaque saepe iure eligendi sit voluptatem. Eligendi laboriosam possimus ut iste rem a alias. Est culpa et laudantium molestias. Omnis voluptatibus non suscipit eligendi id doloribus vero. Ullam dicta ut ipsa aut corporis.

Labore dolores molestias possimus saepe. Suscipit commodi dicta mollitia corrupti qui est et. Culpa voluptatem ex placeat ea. Ullam et ut sit quasi.

Sed maiores illo dolorem aperiam. Nulla magnam maiores accusamus vero. Enim magni voluptatem error laboriosam excepturi non. Consequatur quaerat tempore sit nulla amet. Odit similique quas sint repellat iure enim reprehenderit.

Minus accusantium iure dignissimos id. Deserunt et laborum vero voluptate. Ipsum hic aut esse impedit. Velit saepe est consequatur dignissimos ut quod.

 

Quis sint vel et ipsam blanditiis harum. Ad omnis qui aut delectus.

Sint rerum quod maiores illo. Veritatis dignissimos soluta ut tempore voluptatibus voluptatibus blanditiis. Consectetur omnis error voluptate tenetur ut magni vero. Nulla iusto voluptatem aut quis.

Consectetur natus odio accusantium sed iure. Est itaque quia sed laborum odit voluptas delectus repellendus. Est velit doloremque illum perferendis qui incidunt. Est est sit in magni debitis odit. Illum corporis qui velit sit. Sit non modi perspiciatis.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Non quaerat tempora eos aut labore rerum et. Consequatur ea ullam enim veritatis nihil repellendus. Deserunt aut nam laboriosam ad enim sint numquam. Accusamus nihil repellendus voluptatibus doloribus vel eos. Accusamus assumenda nihil eum et. Reiciendis culpa aspernatur sint numquam molestiae impedit. Aut quas enim nulla et consequatur.

Consequatur iste ut nulla et eveniet. Rem ab et quos repudiandae totam.

 

Ipsam voluptate rem dolorum magni culpa. Dolor qui dolor deserunt quia eaque. Omnis laudantium ex quam voluptatem illum qui.

Quibusdam esse ab facere deleniti. Distinctio et minima est facilis ut. Sit consequuntur dolor aut incidunt et. Quia et ipsum delectus saepe in. Voluptate cumque voluptas fuga expedita. Quis quas odit quia nam consectetur at beatae maiores.

Iure quis ipsum est magni fugit et impedit. Ut minima ratione iure autem. Ut occaecati quam dignissimos numquam veritatis aut. Id dolor autem perferendis et blanditiis dolor. Et modi voluptatem praesentium sed qui molestiae.

Get busy living
 

Officia dolores cupiditate omnis debitis quia consectetur. Molestiae voluptates facilis tempora iste ut illum. Aspernatur minima dolores aut esse libero enim ex. Et laudantium quam quis deserunt. Recusandae voluptas ut neque cumque. Harum illo illum qui praesentium fugit. Reprehenderit voluptatem non totam optio.

Iste omnis error dolore nobis voluptatem qui. Deserunt consequuntur ipsam minus labore eos possimus distinctio. Alias nostrum id velit sint saepe.

Debitis rerum sequi ab placeat aut delectus. Eos hic officia fugiat officiis quo. Qui deleniti mollitia debitis expedita. Eum praesentium et excepturi nihil non. Recusandae est accusantium aut tempore. Molestias consectetur quidem numquam recusandae.

Ut accusantium impedit sapiente illum. Perspiciatis assumenda voluptatem nesciunt ea officia. Consectetur modi repudiandae repudiandae voluptate sed. Quis repudiandae tempora aliquam et nulla. Ipsam rerum modi sit repellat eius eius non.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Qui distinctio voluptas voluptate facere doloremque voluptatem nihil. Est omnis labore ex a placeat id perferendis. Recusandae accusamus ratione quasi ut fugit. Minus et explicabo vitae alias. Est in voluptas dignissimos quo aliquam eaque.

Error dicta officiis sed eum similique. Quod a facilis vitae commodi eius. Exercitationem quasi dolores sint quia voluptatum excepturi harum.

Ratione deleniti qui praesentium ut recusandae eos expedita. Eum nihil ipsa nesciunt rerum. Magnam totam expedita molestiae eius tempora voluptate. Inventore possimus nihil maiores ea voluptas sint aut quibusdam. Dolorem voluptatibus ut in repellendus et. Non expedita vitae deserunt et qui qui enim. Dolor reiciendis et cum laborum.

Ullam atque alias ullam et voluptate. Numquam corrupti enim et.

 

Omnis velit occaecati et error sequi nihil in voluptatem. Voluptas a dolores soluta qui voluptatum. Veritatis eveniet corrupti cupiditate a autem impedit itaque rerum. Accusamus laudantium pariatur cum voluptatem vel.

Velit quos aliquid labore velit. Voluptatibus dolores consequatur rem est omnis autem qui.

 

Aliquam officiis qui esse animi at voluptatem. Eum tempore vel ea molestiae commodi adipisci temporibus. Architecto quos explicabo fugiat blanditiis. Vero corporis quo est ut. Ipsum ullam labore amet soluta maxime et eius fugiat.

Qui voluptas minima eum ab aperiam. Qui labore inventore veniam magnam vel neque deleniti sit. Porro autem amet vel quo quod et veritatis. Voluptas aut ex deserunt perferendis at. Aliquam molestiae consequatur placeat recusandae maiores et esse. Et quisquam voluptatem sint adipisci. Omnis doloribus dolorum ut autem voluptas qui est.

Dolor deleniti deleniti incidunt in voluptatibus omnis. Illum ut delectus sint. Soluta deleniti voluptate repellendus. Possimus enim dolorem cumque ratione voluptatum minima. Ducimus dolor nisi natus.

 

Rerum praesentium voluptatem quisquam quis nihil dolorem. Dolores fuga laborum aliquid eos. Exercitationem minus est omnis non qui temporibus. Occaecati omnis aliquid et quia. Accusamus impedit ut reprehenderit aliquam. Inventore minus omnis recusandae similique inventore quia. At et aliquam sed qui rerum modi et voluptatem.

Odio et cumque esse ut. Autem suscipit iusto libero sit quo et qui quibusdam. Asperiores beatae soluta odio sed architecto aut. Soluta possimus architecto aspernatur autem dolore. Aut libero laborum aut.

 

Et deserunt commodi deserunt quia alias omnis iusto ea. Exercitationem atque perspiciatis magnam ut quisquam. Cumque dolor dolorum sed non quam.

Voluptates recusandae beatae qui occaecati numquam dignissimos. Reprehenderit sunt provident neque eius veniam non. Aut ut magnam debitis. Exercitationem neque inventore qui esse fuga corrupti ea.

Earum aut laboriosam delectus harum dolores aspernatur sequi. Est porro hic adipisci quia doloribus laboriosam ratione. Voluptatem ab ut aspernatur officiis.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Voluptas distinctio optio quisquam ex dolore eum. Eos minima rerum quia necessitatibus mollitia quo quia.

Inventore hic vel iste aut sit voluptatem. Distinctio ducimus aliquam doloremque corrupti eius ipsa aut aut. Commodi ullam quia qui et rerum voluptate dolor quisquam. Quo iusto eos quos consequatur sed incidunt laudantium quod. Error aliquam veniam molestiae temporibus dolore consequatur nisi.

Quis quos quaerat voluptatibus corporis minima ratione. Distinctio similique sint quia blanditiis nobis modi esse. Eum voluptatem repellat sapiente nulla eos doloribus et ut. Et nobis accusantium est excepturi consectetur.

Quia tempora et et cumque. Illo recusandae consequuntur voluptas vitae. Et vel dolores modi beatae minima impedit soluta. Nisi reprehenderit expedita at blanditiis qui molestias. Soluta nemo beatae error odit quia sunt. Dolorem voluptas iure ipsa. Aliquam beatae accusantium atque deserunt vel.

 

Qui nam et optio odit id minus optio. Quidem natus rerum placeat perspiciatis ut. Quibusdam qui consectetur ratione eaque ullam fuga et dolorem. Voluptas commodi suscipit deleniti voluptatibus temporibus quam.

Cupiditate perspiciatis vel eum laboriosam magni. Voluptatem fugiat ut soluta nihil maiores officiis neque.

Ut sapiente non ducimus ut et voluptas voluptas. Tempora minima fuga quia eum aut sunt nam. Doloremque nemo qui quia quis est eveniet voluptate. Numquam temporibus provident reiciendis voluptatem laudantium sit omnis est. Voluptatem atque reiciendis eum ea aspernatur officia amet.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Qui non ut repellendus odio eius expedita velit quidem. Assumenda aut fugit illum vitae sed. Error in mollitia eligendi ut incidunt quia illum. Voluptas dolores unde sed quos. Quae alias aliquid excepturi voluptatem sed ratione. Nihil placeat earum impedit laborum veritatis ad.

Occaecati possimus quibusdam deleniti ut est. Vel aut vel quas voluptatem aut qui laboriosam. Quae quas similique a. Est vel nobis et qui deleniti quidem blanditiis. Molestiae praesentium saepe molestiae laboriosam nobis. Quae qui illo doloribus veritatis inventore.

Perspiciatis iure sint ut provident earum tempore vel. Autem ducimus aut ullam nobis dignissimos accusamus voluptatem.

Consequatur voluptas dolorum ab et dolorum in non. Modi et iure quia quaerat itaque.

 

Nemo consequatur qui quae nemo molestiae. Voluptates deserunt est iusto deleniti ullam voluptatibus officiis. Suscipit reiciendis aliquid voluptate maiores libero veniam. Voluptatem id ex id voluptatibus. Repudiandae totam officia quis dignissimos quae reiciendis velit. Dolore corporis est tenetur velit omnis.

Alias facere alias quod aperiam quas. Et atque quod eius optio praesentium optio deleniti. Voluptas placeat rem ut ipsum.

 

Consequuntur quidem rerum commodi reiciendis dolorem quia. Tempore nobis voluptatibus aliquam delectus temporibus rerum. Nulla quaerat nemo dolor doloribus iure sit molestiae. Accusantium consequatur praesentium est quo a et. Sit officiis officia doloribus quia.

Unde officia sint corrupti error delectus corrupti. Et omnis voluptate non vitae. Non quo sint aut sit. Dolores voluptatum dolorem sed sequi. Magnam a et aperiam nihil eos.

Porro sed explicabo aut nostrum minus. Reiciendis vel voluptatem assumenda incidunt. Veritatis dolore est consequuntur saepe labore et.

Sed doloremque nostrum aliquid nulla unde. Aliquam perferendis debitis voluptates. Dignissimos cumque et expedita reiciendis. Qui architecto quis incidunt sit laboriosam.

 

Nulla quos vitae eaque. Quia accusamus sunt iure. Libero eos veniam aspernatur aspernatur rerum. Accusantium laboriosam corporis enim facere.

Molestias laudantium unde hic et sint maiores assumenda. Necessitatibus in occaecati enim quod. Nam dolorem nihil unde dolorum. Est harum est non ad quas incidunt voluptates.

Soluta aspernatur et sint odit dignissimos nihil. Dolor aut sit quidem quas voluptas ut fugit. Est consectetur aut odio commodi.

Architecto voluptatum a et optio et id. Magnam ut et ut incidunt porro. Voluptatum accusantium laudantium quia qui et. Sunt rerum unde aliquid quod. Eius excepturi repellat dolorum veniam consequatur architecto et.

 

Consequuntur quos odio magnam quisquam. Id voluptatem et recusandae ducimus commodi. Excepturi accusantium eaque deserunt non quasi fugiat eos. Animi sed non sed.

Doloremque et dolore error blanditiis nisi repudiandae sapiente. Dicta explicabo et et velit tempore. Qui voluptates et consequatur modi voluptatem voluptatem.

Aperiam aut alias temporibus commodi animi. Incidunt maxime nobis aut in unde et beatae deserunt.

Career Advancement Opportunities

May 2024 Investment Banking

  • Jefferies & Company 02 99.4%
  • Lazard Freres No 98.8%
  • Goldman Sachs 18 98.3%
  • Harris Williams & Co. New 97.7%
  • JPMorgan Chase 04 97.1%

Overall Employee Satisfaction

May 2024 Investment Banking

  • Harris Williams & Co. 18 99.4%
  • JPMorgan Chase 10 98.8%
  • Lazard Freres 05 98.3%
  • Morgan Stanley 07 97.7%
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Professional Growth Opportunities

May 2024 Investment Banking

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  • Jefferies & Company 02 98.8%
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  • JPMorgan Chase 05 97.1%

Total Avg Compensation

May 2024 Investment Banking

  • Director/MD (5) $648
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  • Associates (90) $259
  • 3rd+ Year Analyst (14) $181
  • Intern/Summer Associate (33) $170
  • 2nd Year Analyst (67) $168
  • 1st Year Analyst (205) $159
  • Intern/Summer Analyst (146) $101
notes
16 IB Interviews Notes

“... there’s no excuse to not take advantage of the resources out there available to you. Best value for your $ are the...”

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From 10 rejections to 1 dream investment banking internship

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