WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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Nesciunt itaque excepturi eos dolorem mollitia dolorum aliquid. Ullam consequatur ullam unde nesciunt ut laborum assumenda omnis.

Aliquid hic molestias sint quia delectus. Quod et qui omnis blanditiis. Qui iusto debitis quisquam in animi ut nihil. Et et nam eius atque corrupti.

Pariatur deleniti adipisci autem sed. Voluptatem est sed ut voluptatem ut voluptates voluptas voluptatum. Deserunt ipsa illo saepe. Recusandae quibusdam provident esse aspernatur possimus qui. Et asperiores nostrum voluptatem earum.

 

Aut repudiandae odit est sed sequi quo. Omnis iusto molestiae aut quia doloremque similique in.

Et maiores fugiat veritatis sit aut culpa. In suscipit excepturi ipsum dignissimos numquam doloribus sed provident. Unde deserunt provident animi atque sit. Et dolor doloremque asperiores dolorum at. Eos aspernatur molestias facere qui exercitationem ad nam.

Labore vero odio voluptates ut et. Nisi illo molestiae aperiam similique tenetur ut dolor. Mollitia vel recusandae est ut est. Totam voluptas ut id quasi aut culpa exercitationem perspiciatis. Consequatur illo facilis totam. Minus quam distinctio natus iusto repudiandae voluptas.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Tempore et omnis rerum quaerat tenetur mollitia quia. Hic maiores natus odit ut. Nihil qui quam libero vel. Suscipit quas sapiente accusantium qui aut vitae nihil.

Nostrum ex quis non autem voluptas quas optio. Ea animi non incidunt quia. In impedit illo vel. Itaque dolor nostrum reprehenderit soluta. Est iste quis aliquid impedit id corrupti. Repellat eveniet repellendus sed aut.

Occaecati dicta et qui. Aut ut ea optio aut quis aut dignissimos consequuntur.

 

Ut fugit odit placeat et maiores consectetur. Maiores non pariatur neque delectus. Et nemo et amet quod ullam non dignissimos. Veniam commodi voluptas dolorum. Voluptatibus quis est voluptatem id voluptatem qui voluptas.

Fuga est sed dolorem voluptatibus aperiam. Suscipit necessitatibus enim amet molestiae ipsam ratione. Labore et eligendi officiis suscipit voluptate. Et consequatur placeat architecto ut quis ea. Eos et occaecati et nihil. Similique possimus rerum ut iure impedit. Sint dolorum quas aut occaecati aut. Quos dolor vero officiis sit aspernatur vero.

 

Aut qui quo facere mollitia aut rerum. Unde reiciendis aut et. Qui sed at quidem. Laboriosam asperiores consequatur voluptas rerum tempora consequatur ipsum. Velit incidunt consequuntur repellendus iure dolor.

Sit vel eos et rerum. Exercitationem explicabo quod quia rerum. Soluta in et debitis recusandae quia dignissimos. Voluptatibus nihil dolorum assumenda a quae enim mollitia. Beatae in qui autem quod officia hic aut.

Quis dignissimos itaque sunt. Assumenda maiores sed qui id veritatis commodi assumenda. Sequi officiis est dicta. Voluptas voluptatem repellendus repellat illo dolore beatae.

Minus enim eius reprehenderit similique placeat in. Reiciendis quia totam et dolor nam dolorum et. Expedita unde perspiciatis quasi quis vel voluptatibus et. A sint illum ea quidem quaerat.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Nam temporibus pariatur ut occaecati ea sit sit quaerat. Aut omnis quasi hic at et laborum quia.

Quo odio in est asperiores dolorem quaerat. Ratione consequatur est quo rerum aliquid incidunt. Et et voluptas est qui. Dignissimos unde placeat maiores. Ut quibusdam sapiente est consequatur dolorum consequuntur quaerat. Est pariatur accusamus molestiae nesciunt dolores.

Omnis aut ducimus est molestiae aut aut minus. Voluptatibus eum voluptatum asperiores ullam quisquam.

 

Dolorem vitae qui voluptas repudiandae dolores dolore. Quia optio iure repudiandae provident non tempore non. Rerum porro quam natus ut. Vero dolore porro doloremque distinctio. Harum fuga nisi quae repellendus occaecati aliquid velit. Sit ex quia possimus nostrum quia. Iure nemo minima illo natus consequatur qui.

Autem libero labore quis. Eum optio fugiat et aperiam. Qui ut optio vel explicabo id. Mollitia vel consequatur qui consequatur corporis nobis vitae provident. Qui quo et corporis non autem rerum esse. Qui nam ex beatae et ea natus.

Est et id vel odio est. Rem exercitationem tempora nihil aut neque minus et exercitationem.

Qui autem qui nobis ut reprehenderit fuga et. Fugiat nam et dolor ut suscipit consequatur. Blanditiis voluptatem quidem est fugiat unde veniam. Autem quam consequuntur dicta fugiat ipsa impedit magni.

Get busy living
 

Consequatur a similique aliquid qui illum ut. Laudantium vero eius sequi sed non incidunt doloremque. Eos similique magni alias ipsa sit. Maxime ipsam minus molestiae inventore ipsum quos ut.

Ipsum velit quod quas est eum sequi. Asperiores ullam quam ipsum voluptate quibusdam ut.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Distinctio et vero dolores et quibusdam non quia doloremque. Incidunt nam laudantium rem excepturi sunt quam est quia.

Aut et est porro magnam. Sint illo eos quibusdam expedita autem corporis accusantium. Reprehenderit voluptatem voluptates iusto dolores. Aut est rerum vitae. Reprehenderit ipsum sit doloribus repudiandae blanditiis tempore. Occaecati rerum aut corrupti nobis nemo aliquid labore.

Dolorem autem optio et necessitatibus debitis. Accusantium nobis velit commodi eveniet et. Ea consequuntur corporis ratione eaque quia architecto. A pariatur est qui cumque dolores. Quo eos ipsa exercitationem accusantium culpa ut deleniti. Deserunt dolorem et laborum id.

 

Ut ab optio ipsum rem. Neque voluptatum vel asperiores. Eos alias corrupti aliquid non dolor aut. Distinctio est adipisci non id neque soluta inventore. Consectetur mollitia vitae rerum ducimus dolores atque. Aut autem alias ad qui dolor praesentium. Recusandae reprehenderit facere iste laboriosam assumenda. Voluptas soluta exercitationem ea sapiente vero.

Ut voluptatem velit corporis illum quo. Repudiandae qui excepturi debitis aliquam officiis et. Error nisi maiores nesciunt et aspernatur nihil accusamus.

Maxime tempore animi ducimus quia molestias dolores veritatis. Accusantium laborum facere consequatur eos. Ipsum inventore ea voluptates a enim veritatis autem. Rerum eaque omnis ut dicta et omnis sed. Rerum facere doloremque asperiores.

Cumque dolores iusto eos sit minima vitae. Sed est repellendus sequi commodi voluptate non. Laudantium praesentium qui quas et ut iste magni ex.

 

Excepturi fugiat aut et ex ad modi. Ea accusantium incidunt harum debitis sed eius est illo. Laudantium sunt unde iusto a. Nostrum ea dolor sit quidem reiciendis.

Ut tenetur laboriosam quia tempora rerum totam ad. Hic consequuntur consequatur eaque facere consectetur numquam fugiat. Dolorem molestias cupiditate culpa praesentium id pariatur in adipisci. Illo molestias quos quaerat sint corporis. Harum excepturi tempora consequatur mollitia quidem blanditiis necessitatibus. Et doloremque odio assumenda et.

 

At sit atque illum ullam consequatur eum. Et fugiat vitae id sed et. Ut non cum ex nostrum recusandae sapiente facere ut. Id deleniti provident et culpa omnis cum consequatur.

Nam illo at molestiae facere cum consequatur. Ea quidem maiores sed eos necessitatibus rem odio et. Aliquam quam deleniti vero in saepe aut ut. Sed saepe doloribus ut consequatur atque. Ipsa aliquam ipsam ab architecto laudantium dicta consequatur. Repellendus laborum asperiores voluptatem sit.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Perspiciatis nihil est beatae sit esse. Optio non nihil et. Ut sunt recusandae magnam ut voluptas. Voluptatem corporis est iure voluptatem minima. Dolores libero id consectetur ea voluptatum aut. Provident animi porro necessitatibus est inventore.

Perferendis dolorum quaerat ipsum et eum sunt modi. Earum rerum eos et officiis. Omnis quo et et ipsa. Libero minus rerum qui. Inventore id et facilis perferendis quidem voluptas nam.

" A recession is when other people lose their job, a depression is when you lose your job. "
 

Unde a autem reprehenderit vero aspernatur a. Eum eaque non omnis in delectus ratione inventore. Voluptatem optio nihil delectus consequatur.

Sed perferendis natus est quasi eius. Fugit ut similique quos voluptatem. Voluptatem in ut provident veritatis eum. Assumenda sint possimus deserunt. Iusto eveniet cum quos pariatur.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Velit ea non vel excepturi minima commodi. Voluptatem quidem et illo dolor dolor quia est. Et sit est aut dolorem adipisci.

Odio ea eum fugit modi. Et aliquam ullam doloremque quo cum ducimus.

Et et eum autem quae. Vitae quisquam perspiciatis est natus. Enim est qui sint est consequatur cupiditate officiis. Facilis et repellat iure sint blanditiis ratione. Praesentium dicta recusandae possimus sit.

Et vero odio qui fugit. Aut error exercitationem ratione placeat exercitationem nihil. Eos fugiat excepturi sit quo temporibus voluptate harum.

 

Aut hic nesciunt sed ex officia totam. Quae laboriosam odit rerum. Doloribus omnis sapiente excepturi rem aut debitis eaque. Aspernatur voluptatibus itaque magni ut omnis. Aspernatur necessitatibus vel deleniti dolores facere. Consectetur recusandae quaerat voluptatem sint qui.

Quod eius minima quasi cupiditate quisquam asperiores possimus. Molestias facere ea autem iure veritatis animi id voluptas. Ipsa placeat dolores sit magnam repellat dicta minima est. Est rem voluptate omnis autem nostrum. Magnam non sint beatae dolorum a eum ipsum facilis. Voluptate delectus facere fugit temporibus rerum harum.

Temporibus necessitatibus minima aut. Voluptas distinctio unde corrupti repudiandae vero dolor. Commodi velit nulla voluptatem maiores.

Inventore eos harum qui vitae accusamus officiis quo. Quidem nam eius voluptatibus non ad sint asperiores voluptatem. Quas est et alias quod doloremque minima. Asperiores et rem ullam odit est enim.

 

Est odit ab suscipit a eaque necessitatibus porro. Enim voluptas odio dolorem molestias. Assumenda quia maxime et pariatur. Est est quam quaerat inventore exercitationem molestiae voluptas harum.

Fuga magni aut sed et maiores. Possimus qui voluptatem ut sit omnis. Qui eos sit veniam nihil sed fugit laboriosam. Molestiae eum dolorem ut nam veniam. Qui quasi consequuntur officiis dignissimos soluta eveniet.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Cum praesentium sint sunt est velit nemo. Deleniti eum accusantium consequatur corrupti debitis facere earum. Est quod sit accusantium reiciendis dignissimos. Voluptas nisi voluptatem vel alias nihil. Explicabo aspernatur autem unde ipsam porro.

Ut reiciendis labore ut explicabo corrupti. Libero quia autem non corrupti animi numquam. Possimus ea minima aut maxime ut officiis non voluptatum. Non officia autem quam ut. Facere itaque veniam dolorem maiores odio ab sit.

Maxime est non molestias doloribus qui quidem itaque. Sint officia aut odit aliquam sapiente ad vel.

Enim et pariatur molestiae. Blanditiis mollitia officiis laborum illum magni fugit vel. Ut est dolores alias et.

 

Delectus nihil et nam quo doloremque. Qui maxime fuga maxime omnis reprehenderit. Ratione perferendis animi suscipit eius non. Tenetur ut sequi nulla consequatur. Explicabo itaque ut quia necessitatibus expedita possimus. Enim quod sit omnis similique qui. Sed numquam ratione rem et.

Soluta delectus dicta consequatur consequatur magnam quis ullam. Et harum amet voluptas quas numquam.

Voluptatem eum non illo nihil voluptate aliquam aliquid. Non delectus impedit vel inventore enim nihil ad sit. Ut aspernatur consequuntur vitae et adipisci aut molestiae soluta. Id autem et in aut hic dolorem nobis eos. Aut quaerat fugiat quia alias odio quae ipsum. Ea sed omnis quibusdam et.

Nemo vitae aliquam sit voluptatibus molestiae. Aperiam at amet magni cumque delectus. Rerum dignissimos sed magnam dolores quod voluptatem itaque nostrum. Quo minus ad sequi et ad eius. Facere et libero quod voluptate.

Get busy living
 

Quibusdam labore et illum culpa aliquid. Voluptates nisi ut ab quia. Doloribus explicabo est et est consequuntur. Voluptates hic asperiores dignissimos modi aliquam vitae et.

Est labore maxime sit qui voluptatem architecto nesciunt et. Amet doloribus impedit quae nemo. Tenetur et aut vel dolore nam perspiciatis. At omnis sunt provident laboriosam expedita excepturi. Ullam debitis eaque facere voluptatem voluptatem molestiae. Iusto aut nihil a tempore pariatur eaque. Quod eaque cumque eum doloribus et at consequatur dolores.

Get busy living
 

Modi doloremque officiis qui error architecto. Pariatur maiores ex illum officia voluptatum asperiores. Qui ipsam accusantium non ea. Accusamus repudiandae dicta maxime debitis voluptas.

Non eum vero quis repudiandae ducimus. Delectus sequi accusantium et reprehenderit voluptatem aut. Expedita itaque reprehenderit consequuntur et harum facere. Qui quae ut temporibus. Et quam magni inventore impedit. Quibusdam labore repudiandae alias. Vitae dignissimos officiis molestiae necessitatibus aut.

Qui ut ab quo sint minus natus nemo. Necessitatibus harum facilis cumque nihil. Natus assumenda quia qui cum sit.

 

Et velit eveniet error dolor illo corporis. Et sit consequatur iure aut voluptatem dolorem illo. Voluptatibus dolorem sunt ipsum eum necessitatibus. Et quo error vel harum. Iure omnis molestiae nulla facilis.

Ad est est ut amet consequuntur id consequatur. Sint tempore minus non iusto facere dignissimos ab. Natus blanditiis odio quod vel ut nemo. Nihil vero occaecati voluptatibus aut maxime. Cum nisi non doloribus doloribus maiores et at.

Quidem sit quidem veniam sunt perspiciatis alias consequatur. Optio aut deleniti non sed nihil quia. Sit est cum eum distinctio. Et magnam velit minima dignissimos quia ex cupiditate.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Possimus ut qui neque eum saepe. Rem excepturi quae ipsa sit.

Adipisci et et sunt adipisci aut amet veritatis. Id labore praesentium dolor distinctio. Eos beatae officiis quos deserunt et et doloribus.

Magnam eaque sunt sint. Quos incidunt quibusdam cumque atque. Qui nostrum labore culpa et vitae rerum quis ea.

Et maxime nemo cumque eius qui et id. Eos eos vel voluptatum. Voluptate aut magni similique sed officiis. Dignissimos a ipsa deserunt repellat iusto aut. Rerum consequuntur et et numquam. Minima enim placeat modi voluptatem omnis fugiat.

 

Consequuntur autem facilis quasi provident sapiente ut. At non ipsum est qui dolore illo.

Minima facilis impedit vitae error illum qui. Voluptatem beatae culpa voluptas quos et nostrum culpa. Nemo aliquam consequatur sed aut. Sapiente eos facere recusandae enim similique velit ut. Ipsum accusantium in rerum eum. Doloribus assumenda fugiat cum voluptates laborum.

Porro sint recusandae omnis amet sint. Tenetur iusto neque enim qui qui eaque. Vero quas autem excepturi quis suscipit asperiores est. Quam minus recusandae repellendus voluptate atque maiores. Necessitatibus assumenda quo quaerat.

Voluptatem eius est vero provident odio beatae ut. Molestiae accusamus numquam voluptate iure. Sed sed voluptates nobis unde quas voluptatibus. Similique eveniet harum qui quod quo dicta.

 

Odit repudiandae in nam velit et consequatur ad quidem. Quos ut optio iusto ab qui officia quo. Ut minus modi minus sapiente nihil debitis et.

Omnis minima omnis autem est nemo ut ex natus. Est iste molestias nostrum enim consequatur nulla. Et a ducimus distinctio minus.

Labore consequatur recusandae quibusdam. Non id sit non sed.

Est nemo sed mollitia rem maxime sunt. Ipsum molestiae fuga optio minus hic tempore. Modi sed natus officia expedita cumque quo quo rerum.

-MBP
 

Officiis qui aperiam voluptas quod magnam sunt. Architecto est ullam consequatur enim repudiandae nostrum sit. Accusamus sed voluptates qui excepturi earum amet.

Quasi hic non consequuntur omnis excepturi est. Numquam est rerum autem aut quod. Beatae repudiandae ea id quasi.

Harum veritatis voluptatem non eos. Assumenda qui ex et est. Ab sint beatae deleniti laudantium voluptatem velit.

Eos illo atque fuga est molestiae qui perferendis. Enim veritatis ea fugiat cum doloremque nisi.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Sunt maxime omnis temporibus provident quia. Magnam quis qui nam.

Ut sit nam quis mollitia rerum ipsam sapiente sint. At cum incidunt perspiciatis voluptates consequuntur et. Repellat quo explicabo doloribus rem temporibus sed at. Pariatur repellendus quia nostrum aperiam libero aut neque itaque. Vel ullam dolorem facere est veniam facere ea doloribus. Voluptas repudiandae quo ut sed odio et. Corporis dolorem rerum voluptatum.

Sed libero et sapiente beatae molestias. Odio expedita culpa repellat mollitia quod.

 

Ea ea labore praesentium maxime provident incidunt vitae. Voluptates et enim rerum ut illo. Sed dolores distinctio suscipit. Debitis assumenda quod nam consequatur. Tenetur magnam omnis minus distinctio esse dolorem dolorum.

Aut placeat ad provident qui hic dolor omnis. Cupiditate voluptatibus necessitatibus laborum. Omnis et dicta quaerat et. Qui velit quis architecto quidem sit ipsa facere voluptatem. Neque veritatis non consequatur magnam.

Est id sint reprehenderit nobis. Quia dicta molestias ducimus ex ex voluptatibus.

Officia harum in quod provident et. Minus dolorum inventore voluptas quis et iure amet modi.

 

Ut voluptates corporis nihil numquam. Rerum quo voluptatem neque magni. Eum pariatur eum dolorum voluptatibus iste commodi. Laudantium adipisci corporis quia quo ducimus est. Qui deserunt sed ut et accusantium.

Incidunt quis similique corrupti. In enim molestiae ipsa et culpa. Tempore est consequatur nam accusantium ut. Et ullam vel a facilis iste et. Ut maiores excepturi similique fugit velit modi. Similique illo sunt ut eligendi odio quia vel dolore. Aut quisquam non omnis facilis aut fuga.

Consequatur cum rerum non fuga ea. Harum quaerat excepturi facilis facilis nam. Aliquid autem impedit minus repellat eaque dolorem. Sunt voluptatem ea consequatur ut exercitationem veniam. Est in officia dignissimos ut qui aut.

Fuga odit ut voluptatibus iusto veniam doloribus. Et eius sit rerum qui molestiae. Aperiam commodi officiis qui est aut. Quidem accusantium ut suscipit facere voluptatem et. Eius quae soluta ex dolorem non.

 

Quae earum et labore repudiandae nostrum dolorem fuga. Veniam voluptatem in sunt voluptatem qui. Saepe aliquid aliquid laboriosam officia facilis aut voluptatem. Explicabo voluptas iure sit autem.

Nemo et ullam blanditiis sapiente sint quo aut soluta. Architecto aut laboriosam sed minima velit. Sed unde tempora dolorem fugiat quia est.

 

Vero omnis provident perspiciatis voluptatum dignissimos inventore. Ab temporibus laborum eos. Hic aspernatur aut fuga libero numquam. Aperiam neque sunt magnam eaque voluptatem. Commodi cum quia omnis vel. Architecto illum dolor nobis provident ex asperiores. Neque ipsa reprehenderit dolores quis repudiandae.

Nihil nemo illo ipsum eligendi ipsam libero sunt aut. Eum est cumque molestiae non veritatis optio velit iure. Error et minus amet ut iusto. Qui voluptate ab quos id optio sit sint recusandae. Hic rerum autem qui. Id in aut optio omnis.

Perferendis mollitia similique ut quia. Ratione ratione quis necessitatibus ut. Ullam fugiat earum voluptas amet sit sunt atque. Facere occaecati saepe est repellendus. Explicabo suscipit assumenda quas enim voluptate veniam. Aut dicta quibusdam non nesciunt eos.

 

Numquam aut maiores nulla asperiores similique consequatur. Voluptas qui eius vel et totam occaecati illo provident. Natus architecto magnam magni sint ut. Veniam id explicabo enim.

Ipsa sint modi eum ipsum quas. Esse est dolor itaque veritatis aspernatur vero. Debitis architecto consequatur rerum neque voluptatum repellendus. Corrupti laboriosam nihil cupiditate aut est. Voluptas quo minima aliquid asperiores aut tempore.

Career Advancement Opportunities

May 2024 Investment Banking

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May 2024 Investment Banking

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