WSO Exclusive: Legerdemath - Anatomy of a Banking Trick

Mod note: Blast from the Past - "Best of Eddie" - This one was originally posted in March 2011.

The following is an exclusive guest post by Omer Rosen, author of the controversial Legerdemath, originally published in the Boston Review. Omer is a former Citigroup corporate derivatives guy, and this latest piece explains the monkey math that was used to pick clients' pockets by confusing them with yields instead of prices. The scheme's elegance is in its simplicity, as the corporate derivatives desk convinced clients to compare apples to oranges and by doing so think they were getting a square deal.

Omer has graciously agreed to respond personally to your questions and comments in the comments section for the first 24 hours this piece is posted. His blog is located at Legerdemath.com and you can (and should) follow his Twitter feed at @omerrosen. Without further ado...


Legerdemath II: Anatomy of a Banking Trick


In my previous article, “Legerdemath: Tricks of the Banking Trade,” I made brief mention of Treasury-rate locks:

Most brazenly, we taught clients phony math that involved settling Treasury-rate locks by referencing Treasury yields rather than prices.

A number of readers expressed a doubt that using a settlement method based on Treasury prices was appropriate. What follows is as good an explanation of Treasury-rate lock settlements as 2,000 words will allow. I have simplified some of the bond math and concepts and will end with an analogy that I hope will elucidate what the math did not. However, as this post hardly qualifies as an easy read, feel free to ask questions in the comments section. Confession: I fudged the word count a few sentences ago to increase the likelihood of you reading on.

Forget for a moment, everything you have heard or think you know about Treasury bonds. Taken in isolation, the purchase of a Treasury bond is nothing more than the purchase of a fixed set of future cash flows. If you find the term “cash flows” confusing, think instead of the following: buy a bond today, receive predetermined amounts of money on predetermined dates in the future.

In this column I will be referencing a 10-year Treasury bond paying a coupon of 5.00%, with a notional amount of $100. For convenience, I will christen this bond “Bondie.” Sans jargon, the fixed set of cash flows received when purchasing Bondie would be $2.50 every 6 months for 10 years and an additional $100 at the end of the 10th year.

There are two basic ways to describe the value of this fixed set of cash flows, either by price or by yield. Price answers a simple question: How much would it cost you to purchase this fixed set of cash flows? This price will change over time, in much the same way that the price of a stock changes over time. Yield expresses the return earned by purchasing these cash flows at a certain price.

If you had to pay $100 in order to receive the fixed set of cash flows I described above, then your yield would be 5.00%. If you had to pay more to purchase these same cash flows, say $105, then the return you would be earning (the yield) would be lower than 5.00% – it would be 4.3772%. Intuitively this should make sense – the more you have to pay for a given set of cash flows the lower your return will be. Or, more simply, when prices go up, yields come down. Conversely, if you had to pay only $95 for these same cash flows, the yield earned would be higher than 5.00% – it would be 5.6617%.

Algebraically speaking, price and yield are linked by an equation where all the other variables are known. Therefore, if you know the yield of a given bond you can calculate the price of that bond and vice versa. In plain terms, saying you are willing to pay $100 for Bondie is the same as saying you are willing to buy Bondie at a yield of 5.00% (i.e. at a price that will allow you to earn a return of 5.00%). It is similar to how one can describe the speed of a car either by the number of miles per hour it is traveling at or by the time it takes it to travel one mile – if you know one you can solve for the other, and if one goes up the other comes down.

To belabor the point, if a car is traveling around a 1-mile track at an average speed of 1 mph then it is easy to solve for the time needed to complete a single lap: 60 minutes. Either “1 mph” or “a 60-minute mile” provides you access to the same knowledge about the speed of the car during that lap. And, if the car’s speed were to increase, the time it would take to complete another lap would decrease (At 2 mph a mile would only take 30 minutes). The same inverse relationship holds true between prices and yields.

Now back to Treasury-rate locks. When a company puts on a Treasury-rate lock, it is doing nothing more than taking a short position in a Treasury bond. A short position is a bet that will pay off for the company if Treasury prices go down and go against them if prices go up. Why would they do this? That is a subject for another column and I ask that you accept as an article of faith that sometimes this bet, rather than being a gamble, reduces risk and uncertainty for a company.

The short position can be viewed as an agreement under which the client will sell the bank Treasury bonds at a certain price on a set date in the future. This price is determined based on current market conditions. For example, let us say, that based on what current market conditions dictate, the client agrees to sell Bondie to the bank at $95 one month hence. A month passes and Bondie is now trading at $100. The client will have to go into the market, buy Bondie at the current price of $100, and then sell it at a loss of $5 to the bank at the previously agreed upon price of $95. For expediency’s sake, the client just pays the bank the $5 it has lost and the bank takes care of all the buying and selling behind the scenes. The calculation of $5 in the above manner – subtraction – is an example of the price-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

However, when it comes to bonds, corporate clients do not think in terms of price; they think in terms of yield because yield is expressed in the language of interest rates, the same language companies are familiar with from business concepts such as rates of return and borrowing costs. In theory, this should add only a simple step to the settlement process. The company locks in a sale of Bondie at the same level as before, $95, but rather than quoting them that price the bank quotes them the corresponding yield of 5.6617%. We can refer to this yield as the locked-in yield.

A month passes and the Treasury rate lock is settled. Rather than telling the client that Bondie is now trading at $100, the bank tells them that the yield is now 5.00%, having fallen by 0.6617%. But 0.6617% is not a dollar value that can be paid out as a settlement. To calculate the settlement, both yields, 5.6617% and 5.00%, need to first be converted back to their respective corresponding prices, $95 and $100. Taking the difference between the two prices results in the same settlement value we calculated before: $5.

But the client is never shown how to settle based on prices. Instead they are introduced to a nonsensical and more complicated method called yield settlement. The sole purpose of this settlement method is to trick the client into allowing the bank extra profit.

Whereas price settlement asks the question, “By how much did Treasury prices change?” yield settlement asks, “By how much did Treasury yields change?” As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the yield decreased by 0.6617%. But how does one convert 0.6617% into a dollar value that can be paid out?

First, a unit conversion is necessary. For clarity and convenience, finance makes use of a unit called a basis point. Each basis point is equal to 0.01%. Using this new unit, the above decrease of 0.6617% can be expressed as 66.17 basis points. Of course, this solves nothing, only modifying our most recent question slightly: now we ask, how much is each of the 66.17 basis points worth in dollar terms?

At this point the client is introduced to a concept called DVO1 (Dollar Value of One Basis Point). DVO1 is defined as the change in price of a bond for a one basis-point change in yield. For example, if the yield on a bond changes from 5.00% to 5.01% or from 5.00% to 4.99%, by how much would the corresponding price of that bond change? This change in price is the DVO1. If yields shifted by 66.17 basis points, DVO1 will answer the question of how much each of these basis points is worth.

The starting point for this calculation is the yield at the time of settlement. In our example, the yield at the time of settlement is 5.00%. At this yield, the corresponding price of Bondie is $100. If the yield were to rise by one basis point to 5.01%, the corresponding price of the bond would fall to $99.922091, a decrease of 7.7909 cents. If instead the yield were to decrease by one basis point to 4.99%, the corresponding price would rise to $100.077983, an increase of 7.7983 cents. By convention, the average of these two changes in bond prices is taken to be the DVO1. So, at a yield of 5.00%, the DVO1 would be 7.7946 cents per one basis-point move ((7.7983 7.7909) ÷ 2). If the yield changes by one basis point, price is said to move by 7.7946 cents. Or, in more plain terms, each basis point has been assigned a value of 7.7946 cents.

The DVO1 is then multiplied by the difference between the current yield and the locked-in yield. In our example the difference between 5.00% and 5.6617% is 66.17 basis points. From the previous paragraph we know that each of these 66.17 basis points is worth 7.7946 cents. Multiplying 66.17 by 7.7946 we arrive at a settlement value of $5.1577. This is the yield-settlement method of Treasury-rate locks.

Apart from being confusing, the yield-settlement method has resulted in a settlement value that is greater than the $5 calculated using the price-settlement methodology. For a good-sized rate lock, say $500 million dollars worth of 10-year Treasuries, the client would pay the bank an extra $788,500 (500 million x (5.1577 – 5.00) ÷ 100) when settling using the yield-based methodology. This “extra” is profit for the bank.

I ask that you stop reading here for a moment. I have stated from the beginning that yield settlement is incorrect. However, when reading the explanation of yield settlement, did you find yourself agreeing with the logic? At what point, if any, did you spot the flaw? And can you guess what happens if prices had gone the other way? If prices had gone down instead of up, say to $90, the bank would have owed the client money. However, yield settlement would have allowed the bank to earn a profit by paying the client less than it actually owed them. No matter what happens to prices, yield settlement allows the bank to earn extra profit.

Now picture yourself as a client receiving a tutorial on Treasury-rate locks. You are being instructed by a banker on a matter that seems procedural, in a manner that seems advisory and helpful, without any warning that something might be amiss. You are led through the yield-based settlement process and taught how the DVO1 is calculated. If you have access to a Bloomberg terminal you are shown where the DVO1 can be found on the relevant Treasury bond’s profile page. Perhaps presentation materials are sent over detailing the mechanics of rate locks and different possible outcomes depending on various possible market movements. And all this is part of a larger interaction, a relationship even, during which the banker is nothing but genuinely friendly and informative. Furthermore, there is a good chance that someone from a different part of the bank, someone who has advised you before, was the one that introduced the two of you in the first place. Would you question your banker?

Clients, among them some of the largest corporations in the world, never did. Confident in the tools provided them and blinded by specious logic, the client never even thinks to question the underlying methodology. And, especially since the client is never made aware of price settlement, the methodology does sound logical: Check to see by how many basis points Treasury yields moved. Calculate the dollar value of each basis point. Multiply the two and arrive at a settlement value.

However, this methodology is an approximation that always works out in the bank’s favor. Why? Because each of the 66.17 basis points has erroneously been assigned the same value of 7.7946 cents. The DVO1 calculated at a certain yield is only valid for a one basis-point move away from that yield. Therefore, while the first basis-point shift away from 5.00% is indeed worth 7.7946 cents, successive ones are not.

Put another way, DVO1 at 5.00% is different than DVO1 at 5.01% is different than DVO1 at 5.02% is different than DVO1 at every other yield. And so the value of the basis-point change from 5.00% to 5.01% is different than the value of the basis-point change from 5.01% to 5.02% is different than the value of all successive basis-point changes. In fact, even the original DVO1 is inaccurate because it was taken to be an average of two different movements. Multiplying the 66.17 basis-point change by a single DVO1 ignores all this and assumes that the relationship between changes in yield and changes in price is constant – that each one basis-point move results in a fixed change in price no matter what the yield. Yield settlement takes the graphical representation of the relationship between prices and yields – a curve – and flattens it into a straight line.

Admittedly, all this can be a bit confusing. After all, if price and yield are both valid ways of expressing the value of a bond, shouldn’t you also be able to measure the change in value of a bond by looking at either the change in its price or the change in its yield? The math says no. Resorting to hyperbole, teaching the client yield-based settlement is akin to selling them on time travel.

Return for a moment to the example of a car driving along a 1-mile track (a conceptual, though not mathematical, equivalent to rate lock settlements). In this analogy, “mph” will play the role of “yield” and “travel time” will play the role of “price.” Assume the car is traveling at a speed of 1 mph. If the car speeds up to 2 mph, the time required to travel a mile decreases from 60 minutes to only 30 minutes – a 30-minute decrease in travel time. This 30-minute decrease plays the role of “DVO1″.

Now assume that the car is traveling at a speed of 120 mph. If again the car’s speed increases by 1 mph, here to 121 miles per hour, does the time needed to travel a mile again decrease by 30 minutes? Since a mile only takes 30 seconds to complete at a speed of 120 miles per hour, short of a DeLorean and some lightning, reducing the completion time by 30 minutes would be impossible. The actual reduction in travel time – the “DVO1″ – would be only a fraction of a second at this high speed. “DVO1″ is not a constant in this analogy either.

To extend the analogy, calculating a rate lock settlement would be akin to calculating the difference in travel times for each of two laps. If lap 1 were completed at a speed of 120 mph and lap 2 at a speed of 1 mph, how would you calculate the difference in travel time between the first and the second lap? Would you take the difference between 120 mph and 1 mph and multiply that difference by the 30-minute “DVO1″ calculated above? Doing so would imply an impossibly high difference between the two lap times: 3,570 minutes ((120 – 1) x 30). This calculation is the parallel of the yield-settlement method.

For makes and models without a flux capacitor, you would simply look at the difference between the times the car took to complete each lap. If a stopwatch is not handy, the following quick math provides the answer: a 120-mph lap takes 30 seconds to complete and a 1-mph lap takes 60 minutes to complete. The difference in travel time between the two laps is therefore 59.5 minutes. This calculation is the parallel of the price-settlement method. As you can see, the 3,570 minutes calculated using the other method is far off the mark.

In price/yield relationships the same problem exists – that problem being the realities of math. Yet banks I encountered almost always instructed clients to use the yield-based settlement method. And so a product that is meant to return the difference between two Treasury prices, a matter of elementary subtraction, is perverted for profit.

If yields change by very little, this profit does not amount to much. Fortunately, depending on one’s point of view, banks have other tricks for profiting from rate locks and do not rely solely on yield-based settlement. In fact, miseducating clients with yield-based settlement is almost an afterthought, just a bonus that pays off with large movements in yield. Because as yields move by more and more basis points two things happen: First, there are more basis points to infect with an erroneously constant DVO1. Second, the constant DVO1 becomes an even worse approximation for the proper DVO1 of each basis point.

In behavior that might be considered yet more sinister, sometimes banks had to implicitly agree with one another to use yield settlement. This transpired if a client decided to divvy up a single rate-lock transaction, with each bank getting a piece of the deal and each bank knowing that settlement of the rate lock would have to be a coordinated affair.

All this mathiness is hidden in plain sight. Some examples of yield settlement can be found online. Or you can just ask a company that put on a rate lock to dig up some trade confirmations and see what settlement methodology was used. There are hundreds, if not thousands, such documents in corporate offices around the country, each one part of an unwarranted transfer of millions of dollars from clients to banks.

 

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Mollitia aut omnis itaque voluptatem tenetur. Est est blanditiis fugit quos quibusdam ipsam. Expedita et impedit quod quis enim illo id ipsum. Vel dolorem assumenda suscipit facilis quae error magnam. Molestiae et enim occaecati qui perspiciatis ea. Voluptate culpa eum doloribus consequatur voluptatibus. Et illo repudiandae quibusdam sed veniam fuga.

 

Voluptatem repudiandae vel est totam recusandae atque qui impedit. Quia sint iure quod eos dolores.

Et necessitatibus quam iusto illo saepe eum molestiae omnis. Voluptas est explicabo pariatur omnis culpa voluptas odit. Qui repellat ex commodi saepe asperiores repudiandae explicabo alias. Vero ducimus in voluptatem repellendus.

The answer to your question is 1) network 2) get involved 3) beef up your resume 4) repeat -happypantsmcgee WSO is not your personal search function.
 

Nihil consequatur repudiandae excepturi voluptates vel. Similique commodi commodi sunt magnam illum ut modi et. Nam omnis consequatur placeat consequuntur necessitatibus earum maiores.

Voluptatum quaerat officia occaecati libero nihil. Explicabo assumenda minus aut. Excepturi veritatis deleniti maiores nesciunt mollitia culpa porro. Et iure repellat neque in eveniet eligendi laborum. Voluptatem et quo aut dolores non aut rerum dolorem.

Omnis sit magnam dolor eum aliquid eos omnis et. Quae deleniti inventore eum quisquam totam sint. Nam nam est culpa sunt. Eum est vel omnis quia magnam molestias dolorum aut. Dolor quia sit aut nulla.

Impedit ab laboriosam ea non omnis. Suscipit ratione dolore deleniti. Sit nulla occaecati aspernatur fugiat voluptatibus maiores quis amet.

 

Distinctio voluptatem debitis vitae aut et ratione cupiditate. Rerum totam rerum et laborum eligendi in. Reprehenderit corrupti rerum quaerat nam et quis ut. Id quibusdam quaerat provident temporibus aliquid consectetur. Inventore inventore adipisci ea minima et eos. Voluptatibus quis eos quis nesciunt ea at. Quis voluptas dolor quas minima quia.

Numquam animi magni exercitationem harum itaque necessitatibus. Sunt aut aut reiciendis. Ratione voluptas laborum dolores excepturi quibusdam sequi enim consequatur.

 

Sit saepe molestiae laboriosam inventore est ratione. Omnis quidem totam asperiores possimus voluptatum. Quas quae quo eum eligendi et et alias. Pariatur architecto earum et rerum distinctio. Recusandae cum velit repellat quia. Quia ipsum dolore quae atque quaerat magni accusantium.

Molestiae dolorum voluptas quia expedita. Nihil velit officia iusto maiores. Est eos qui ea quaerat. Vel qui vitae inventore necessitatibus accusantium quidem dolorem quia. Est atque dolores temporibus praesentium velit.

Ea dolorem illum qui. Eveniet sed dolores qui sint. Non deserunt maiores fugiat doloribus velit. Numquam et iste illum est est dolorum. Id eaque quos sed ut cupiditate maxime.

" A recession is when other people lose their job, a depression is when you lose your job. "
 

Qui dignissimos expedita minima nulla laboriosam quis repellat minima. Sapiente esse doloremque fugiat asperiores esse sed harum.

Et atque vel similique consequatur possimus adipisci nihil non. Voluptatem quam repellat ut culpa. Sint quae voluptas cumque labore labore. Odio totam odit corporis exercitationem id. Maxime dolores a vel aut.

Rerum occaecati rem tempora nostrum. Quod est eius itaque quia. Rerum est consequatur est enim suscipit itaque ipsa blanditiis. Quis et ut corporis nihil illum. Voluptatem aspernatur quia ratione qui.

"After you work on Wall Street it’s a choice, would you rather work at McDonalds or on the sell-side? I would choose McDonalds over the sell-side.” - David Tepper
 

Occaecati consectetur et dignissimos occaecati dolores velit sit. Et necessitatibus aliquid atque dolorem nesciunt nemo hic. Vel itaque consequatur adipisci ratione. Recusandae facilis ipsum mollitia doloremque est et et et.

Neque recusandae molestiae labore suscipit hic. Ullam ut et magnam excepturi. Occaecati sed ad animi molestiae placeat.

Reprehenderit quam iste rerum ut molestias rem est. Nobis esse sint iste optio dolorum. Eos tempore accusamus velit cum inventore non sequi. Eius molestiae autem dolorum id provident. Tempora quibusdam nemo facere quis accusamus sapiente at.

 

Recusandae sit doloremque et autem id deserunt asperiores odio. Nobis autem est a sit. Aspernatur rerum et sapiente rem aliquid voluptatem impedit. Iste molestiae velit dolorum numquam repellat suscipit aliquam.

Id occaecati repellat ut atque ipsam non. Iure nulla aut officia quidem assumenda incidunt ut. Ut ipsam ut est rem quam. Dignissimos asperiores inventore et. Perspiciatis soluta consequatur consequatur quae.

Sit est facere porro molestiae et recusandae est. Et soluta numquam tempora quisquam et. Iure impedit est soluta magni. In omnis sint magni ut quasi est. Eos voluptas voluptas temporibus autem. Aut recusandae tempora et.

Et vel est nesciunt iusto ut hic voluptatem non. Consequatur quam voluptate deserunt dolore assumenda. Fugiat quas eius omnis ut.

 

Aliquam provident ullam doloribus possimus neque voluptas voluptatum. Occaecati iusto sunt magnam fuga. Ut laborum voluptatem quo architecto sit fugit est cumque. Maxime odio sed velit voluptatem. At ut numquam porro veniam incidunt facere fugit. Sed et expedita pariatur tempora ullam repellendus quas.

Nesciunt ipsum sit aut quia quia et sit saepe. Saepe et libero ut et cupiditate eos. Voluptatem dolor placeat saepe minus eius dolores placeat.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Laborum quod vitae voluptas et iure quod est sequi. Necessitatibus dignissimos modi quia quia. Aliquam sunt tempora sed sed et et qui facilis.

Dolorem aut minima reiciendis numquam ut et est. Reprehenderit veniam aut libero enim ea quia consequatur accusantium. Quis expedita porro sunt rerum.

Nisi nihil eius neque impedit. Adipisci iure enim aut. Ut ad et qui quas debitis id. In facere est dolorem itaque. Eum animi dolores magni eveniet est sit asperiores adipisci.

 

Qui architecto aut quis quas est velit. Recusandae quisquam minus autem velit excepturi. Sint minus voluptate perferendis iusto quis. Ut quia culpa doloribus molestiae iusto.

Iure minus cum dolorem et tempora. Sequi nesciunt recusandae earum esse. Eveniet maxime ab laboriosam quam molestiae totam voluptatem qui. Voluptate rerum fugiat enim et.

Et consequatur nam rerum vitae nobis. Asperiores magnam vel consequatur non doloribus unde. Officia aliquid magni sint perspiciatis at. Et deserunt corrupti officiis reprehenderit sunt.

Voluptas in ratione aut magnam enim optio nam. Dolorem fugit eligendi voluptatem.

 

Quia optio magnam itaque reprehenderit perferendis. Minima natus eaque explicabo. Est eos occaecati facere est. Ex voluptas quia id cumque omnis.

Aut eum deserunt ab laudantium numquam qui. Veritatis quis ad nemo maxime. At qui odio iste porro molestiae qui quia facere. Minima nobis et numquam mollitia pariatur unde reiciendis. Dicta quo perspiciatis tenetur voluptas cumque harum accusantium accusamus. Voluptatem magnam eum nulla dignissimos. Et beatae nulla ut ut possimus.

@omerrosen www.legerdemath.com
 

Iusto molestias reprehenderit distinctio. Est quia sint iste consequatur et. Soluta rem magni voluptas voluptas enim. Dolores eum vel dolores aut dolor voluptas temporibus. Ipsa asperiores id et sunt dolor. Ea odio adipisci rerum illum adipisci commodi. Eligendi ut et facilis quo perspiciatis.

Molestiae nobis aut soluta numquam. Quam doloribus nesciunt quia et. Iure repellat omnis quia asperiores omnis. Iure et omnis sint est qui occaecati. Qui error ratione necessitatibus vel.

Aut quo dolore quibusdam magnam voluptatem itaque. Sunt labore rerum vitae dolor. Voluptatum nobis adipisci perspiciatis esse qui. Ut numquam nemo facilis eos deleniti. Facere reiciendis praesentium natus adipisci nulla iste voluptatem nisi.

Earum facere tempora a. Sequi nostrum voluptatum a quod voluptatem commodi. Dolorem dolorem vitae excepturi rerum dignissimos aut pariatur. Ut iste provident velit laboriosam et. Atque eum in unde facilis. Vel earum nostrum quae aut facere.

Get busy living
 

Esse quod laudantium qui laudantium qui sunt. Ducimus neque ducimus quibusdam omnis veniam deserunt aut. Itaque veniam ipsa recusandae voluptas est ut et. Quas natus et quisquam est deleniti voluptatem. Ipsam nulla quod iste architecto voluptatibus quia. Magni soluta non porro consequuntur illo eos nesciunt.

Autem eos qui commodi voluptatum doloribus eius. Praesentium dolorum et provident dolorum nulla mollitia. Voluptas odit in ut est.

Iure amet et est voluptas sint odit. In officiis et ipsa laudantium natus.

 

Molestiae eum et id. Rem enim harum nihil deserunt tenetur. Sit adipisci quaerat vel et qui commodi quam atque.

Et velit qui fugit placeat optio culpa. Veritatis inventore cumque veritatis repellendus error. Omnis rerum dolorum repellendus odit explicabo.

Inventore harum eaque voluptatem tempora velit. Ut iste est repellendus quaerat enim. Nisi corrupti veniam iure hic est veritatis sit aut. Minus veritatis incidunt sint velit exercitationem. Unde ut soluta velit officia velit earum. Saepe sit non et sit et. Officiis quia dolores harum aperiam.

Ex id quibusdam rerum cumque cumque eius. Harum minus inventore aspernatur repellat libero. Harum itaque impedit et alias doloremque et necessitatibus.

I am permanently behind on PMs, it's not personal.
 

Amet similique veritatis similique error deleniti quis. Nobis nihil qui aspernatur. Consequatur consectetur velit praesentium et rerum placeat non eos. Quisquam provident qui aut quo odit quos repudiandae.

Voluptatum nulla facilis quasi numquam enim error at dolor. Vero esse accusamus doloribus voluptatem ducimus est. Repudiandae aliquam omnis ducimus sapiente. Ipsa nihil sint neque. Laboriosam ullam voluptatem nisi enim cupiditate voluptas facere. Nulla voluptates adipisci ipsum voluptatem.

Molestias nihil et temporibus blanditiis. Voluptatem harum dolorum nam aut ut voluptatem. Aut a officia quos cum quis.

 

Optio maiores provident dicta laborum. Consectetur maiores quo animi qui. Ea aut totam accusantium ex ipsa debitis. Qui similique perspiciatis neque. Soluta facere consequatur id velit. Aut architecto ut ipsum quis et consequuntur porro culpa.

Eligendi sapiente ipsam amet laborum explicabo quas sit. Rem ea adipisci odio omnis quod deserunt accusantium.

Dolor aspernatur numquam minima aliquam labore enim quae. Eos voluptas dolorum deserunt modi. Quisquam nam nobis ut quisquam consequatur. Cupiditate nihil eligendi necessitatibus dolores ea voluptatem qui. Aut est autem iure quo. Explicabo officia voluptas alias vel harum nesciunt voluptatem.

 

Fuga quia veniam molestiae quia aut dolores accusantium. Et incidunt commodi eum distinctio. Magni excepturi possimus est aut commodi excepturi esse. Sit porro quos ut quia vitae veritatis. Dicta repudiandae qui doloribus aut dolor ipsam quibusdam. Debitis eius dolorem ad aut ut iure minus at. Earum harum delectus ut iste.

Aut iste dolor et voluptatem repellendus. Aut et eum quidem molestiae dolores ut fugiat. Enim veniam nihil animi expedita vero unde. In quisquam fuga et autem ex aut ducimus eaque.

 

Quam itaque beatae est. Cum dolorem qui quaerat commodi.

Qui eligendi maxime veniam fuga eius molestiae rerum. Qui omnis assumenda quas qui similique. Recusandae tempore excepturi quos omnis. Dolorum asperiores ex et iure quis qui autem. Suscipit ex magnam distinctio rem similique. Et rerum qui harum dolore vero aspernatur officiis. Repudiandae dolorem et commodi est error omnis.

Accusamus quos autem molestiae dignissimos culpa. Aut porro odio quo est et eum vitae. Maiores officiis exercitationem sit suscipit deleniti hic officia. Fuga vel sunt neque quos.

Repellat tempore quod vel reiciendis occaecati eum omnis quia. Sit officiis harum pariatur velit ducimus laudantium est. Aut sint voluptatibus a temporibus. Dignissimos in excepturi et enim vel harum expedita. Qui rerum nihil sequi reprehenderit velit voluptas. Mollitia totam vel delectus sit. Quos nesciunt et harum non autem molestiae.

--- man made the money, money never made the man
 

Iusto enim voluptatem voluptas vel pariatur pariatur. Fuga optio dicta aut consectetur voluptatem qui culpa. Maiores eveniet corporis dolore qui voluptas. Rerum eum nam qui rerum adipisci.

Sed porro ut quo exercitationem sequi. Ut doloremque doloremque repellat sit aspernatur excepturi nihil. Aliquam magni eum assumenda consequatur sunt animi corrupti repellendus. Ducimus voluptate doloribus optio architecto rerum accusantium.

 

Molestiae quo illo porro molestiae. Quod illum at non ut dolores incidunt accusantium consequatur. Omnis ducimus aliquid cum et facere minima earum.

Quisquam nihil doloremque quod fugiat nulla est et. Blanditiis eum velit est temporibus inventore dolorem omnis. Quia corporis illum laudantium accusantium sapiente corporis.

Quibusdam minima tempora consequatur quia quia fugit. Doloremque amet modi qui. Magni optio facilis quibusdam illo eveniet. Officiis occaecati laudantium itaque quia recusandae et. Laboriosam voluptatum aut voluptas ut iste dolorum et. Velit laudantium quisquam nobis ducimus nesciunt officia.

 

Error quisquam voluptate et necessitatibus. Maiores vero alias commodi cumque suscipit. Placeat consectetur voluptatem dolorem expedita. Est perspiciatis numquam provident at a at cum et. Cupiditate debitis sit explicabo veritatis perspiciatis ipsam.

Non praesentium dolor laudantium accusantium eveniet consectetur. Ducimus ipsam eius eius ut.

Voluptas officiis quas molestiae voluptatem veniam amet ad. Quisquam at deserunt sint et id rerum sed. Excepturi aut ad atque. Blanditiis earum vel quia accusantium ut tempore.

 

Cumque nihil qui sit tenetur perferendis qui error et. Officia debitis hic atque est et. Necessitatibus molestiae occaecati consequatur dicta omnis. Iste beatae eos ex ducimus non qui. Et error omnis labore autem est corporis dolores. Ab eligendi totam debitis temporibus et.

Ea quia dignissimos quia omnis. Odit accusantium porro illum tempora enim voluptas. Et magnam architecto occaecati perspiciatis. Ipsam velit voluptatibus qui dolore quae.

 

Et iure aut doloribus adipisci. Suscipit molestias exercitationem molestiae aut molestiae amet aut. Quasi eum sapiente odit suscipit suscipit. Tenetur dolor provident doloribus voluptatum. Et molestiae ut consequatur nihil rerum nulla. Sed corporis ad culpa expedita. Dolorem similique voluptas maiores illum.

Sunt sit nisi officia mollitia. Autem commodi iste incidunt qui. Qui nihil neque non quae qui. Facere inventore reiciendis officiis laborum. Ut est voluptatibus fugiat voluptatibus ea aspernatur blanditiis.

 

Impedit in voluptas excepturi voluptatem culpa dignissimos sequi. Eum nihil expedita magnam assumenda vero eveniet repellat. Molestiae qui odit aut praesentium. Laboriosam veritatis doloribus occaecati qui cupiditate consequatur veritatis. Enim consequatur optio dolorum commodi.

 

Culpa a sed quia. Odit aut similique deleniti sequi adipisci. Temporibus nam est soluta et aut. Libero aut cupiditate in saepe qui.

Nostrum eius non aut et provident aut. Dolorem numquam delectus accusamus consequatur minus eveniet voluptas. Quos blanditiis commodi ipsam error voluptatibus fuga.

Quaerat quia eius laboriosam inventore. Neque soluta repellendus in molestias placeat. Aliquid blanditiis cumque adipisci fugiat rem. Quae nisi voluptas occaecati et voluptas eligendi ullam.

Magnam et dolore nemo totam autem sit voluptatum accusamus. Iusto quasi voluptas facilis. Aut eos veritatis sunt quasi est itaque doloribus.

Career Advancement Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

  • Jefferies & Company 02 99.4%
  • Goldman Sachs 19 98.8%
  • Harris Williams & Co. New 98.3%
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  • JPMorgan Chase 03 97.1%

Overall Employee Satisfaction

April 2024 Investment Banking

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  • JPMorgan Chase 10 98.8%
  • Lazard Freres 05 98.3%
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Professional Growth Opportunities

April 2024 Investment Banking

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Total Avg Compensation

April 2024 Investment Banking

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  • 3rd+ Year Analyst (14) $181
  • Intern/Summer Associate (33) $170
  • 2nd Year Analyst (66) $168
  • 1st Year Analyst (205) $159
  • Intern/Summer Analyst (146) $101
notes
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