Teach me about fin/econ careers that are not the usual IB or S&T

i read and see around the internet stuff, careers with the word "research" in it, are there teams who do macro reaserch and stuff in Banks? This is a pdf about emplyment rates at LSE.
what the word "research" really refers to there, other than equity research?
the real broader question is, can you teach me something about all of those career that are something along the line of "economic research" "investment research" and stuff? something that is basically theory+ a lil bit of quantitative reasoning. (but that is not the "quant research" people usually refer too)