EV/EBITDA Multiples by industry

Hi guys, 

I bumped into this table from Damodaran: 

https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Pa… about EV/EBITDA multiple. The way I see it, a sector should trade at higher multiples because of its growth prospects, investor sentiment and safety. Then, I don't understand why Retail (groceries and food) trades so low, steel is one of the lowest, while tobacco (is it really a growing/safe industry??) trades higher. Also aerospace and chemical give me some doubts. Those are just examples, what I am looking for is a rule of thumb to answer questions like "Which company is likely to trade at higher multiples, company in sector x or y?". Any clarification would be much appreciated!

 

For retail, the underlying is good but there are so many brands trending and failing the next day that it is quite unstable. Being more specific, brands targeting teens and female are the most cycling while brands for 40+ yo tend to be a safer investment even if they can get outdated. That's why historical luxury brands do not answer to the same multiples at all. Great sector for hands-on PE funds with good market knowledge.

(edit: mb I'm off-topic thought you were talking about consumer & retail in general, still kinda true)

Aero is often linked to defense and (sorry Greta) it is here to stay for at least some decades. There are a lot of rather small but key actors manufacturing specialty pieces with great pricing power.

Less familiar with the other sectors quoted but keep in mind that some valuation are what they are because that's how the market valued them before and it takes time to change that

 

Couldn't it be affected if legislation and laws change around it? I see why it's can be perceived as a safe industry considering the products are addictive, but I think there's still some risk to it.

 
Most Helpful

There are a host of reasons and considerations, but here are a few:

  • How risky is the earnings or cash flow stream? For steel, it is wildly cyclical based on macro trends (manufacturing output trends) and commodity prices, so I would expect it to trade at a low multiple. It's also a commodity business, which inherently means that price matters most in many cases (not the case in other sectors). This is part of the reason why software/tech trades at a premium to other sectors.
  • Margins - Retail is another price-sensitive industry, particularly for the non-luxury goods. Retailers like Grocers trade at low multiples because they operate on thin margins (mid-single digit EBITDA % is common).
  • Growth Prospects - as you noted, several sectors don't have good long-term growth potential (e.g., steel, retail) because they are mature and already saturated. You aren't going to acheive consistent 10% YoY growth in many cases (ignoring inflationary impact) and therefore, are unlikely to materially grow the stream of earnings/cash flow.
  • A&D and chemicals tend to trade higher becuase of the stability of revenue and positive structural trends (travel picking up, defense spending up b/c of Ukraine, innovation and R&D, etc.)
 

Public markets value growth more than anything but there are a few points to be made. Retail has traditionally been a tough place to be for investors. Grocers operate in low margin low growth and high competition environment and the sector is very sensitive to inflation / economic cycle overall. Sector is very diverse and there are pockets of higher valuations (e.g., specialty, discounters, luxury etc) due to different competition and growth dynamics. Tobacco (combastibles) is very sticky but low growth hence big players are now focusing on non-combastibles where there's more growth upside and investors can ascribe higher valuations.

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