Use of debt and cash in DCF calculations and the use of levered vs unlevered FCF

Hi,

I have been looking recently at how to calculate DCF to find the intrinsic value of a stock. However it is inconsistent whether or not to use total cash minus total current debt + long term debt and adding it to the sum of free cash flows. Also I am wondering whether for me, who is investing just for myself, whether I should use levered or unlevered free cash flow and what kind of discount rate to use. Furthermore when calculating levered free cash flow is it accurate to use Operating Cash flow - CapEX or should you really use Net Income + Depreciation + Amortization - change in net working capital - capital expenditures - mandatory debt payments. Thanks!

4 Comments
 

If you are investing in the equity of the company, you would use levered free cash flow because this is the cash flow available to you as an equity holder. To discount these cash flows, you would use CAPM. You won’t need to add cash or subtract debt because you already arrived at the equity value. Also, the last formula you have, which includes mandatory debt repayments and interest expense (by virtue of starting at net income) looks about right.

Array
 

Thank you so much, this helps so much. Just one question, I'm not entirely sure what the discount rate means, my current understanding, which I believe to be false, Is that it is your required rate of return, and if the current share price is at the calculated intrinsic value when using DCF, the share price, by your calculations should increase by the discount rate year on year?

 

Did not fully understand the last bit of your comment but the discount rate is basically the required rate of return when you invest in the asset which is the return you can get when investing in similar assets.

Remember, returns are a function of risk. Risky asset -> high required rate of return Less risky asset -> lower required rate of return. Also, when investing in the equity side you use cost of equity (CAPM). WACC if you value FCF to the firm.

 

Quae inventore culpa ea corrupti. Sapiente aut et iure ducimus praesentium a. Nihil aut corrupti quam sit repudiandae corporis et. Fuga expedita iusto molestias numquam reprehenderit accusamus. Eos sint ab beatae tempora.

Debitis velit sed sit voluptatem minus voluptatem est. Voluptatem illum quia esse consequuntur fuga impedit.

Alias ut ratione quisquam ullam dolorem sint saepe. Ut labore quis expedita fuga. Quia aut molestiae ab. Saepe voluptatum nemo vel eius dicta rem debitis. Atque dolorem pariatur velit.

Consectetur itaque qui explicabo. Rerum eum in adipisci excepturi. Ullam earum voluptatem quos qui praesentium. Veritatis laudantium cumque ducimus corporis inventore velit.

Array

Career Advancement Opportunities

September 2026 Investment Banking

  • Evercore 01 99.5%
  • Moelis & Company 01 98.9%
  • JPMorgan 01 98.4%
  • Goldman Sachs 01 97.9%
  • Morgan Stanley 07 97.3%

Overall Employee Satisfaction

September 2026 Investment Banking

  • Moelis & Company No 99.5%
  • Morgan Stanley 03 98.9%
  • Evercore 01 98.4%
  • Banco Santander 02 97.9%
  • BMO Capital Markets 12 97.3%

Professional Growth Opportunities

September 2026 Investment Banking

  • Evercore 01 99.5%
  • Moelis & Company 01 98.9%
  • Morgan Stanley 07 98.4%
  • Goldman Sachs 01 97.9%
  • JPMorgan No 97.3%

Total Avg Compensation

September 2026 Investment Banking

  • Vice President (16) $429
  • Associates (51) $260
  • 3rd+ Year Analyst (8) $210
  • 2nd Year Analyst (26) $182
  • Intern/Summer Associate (15) $159
  • 1st Year Analyst (84) $151
  • Intern/Summer Analyst (76) $101
notes
16 IB Interviews Notes

“... there’s no excuse to not take advantage of the resources out there available to you. Best value for your $ are the...”

Leaderboard

1
redever's picture
redever
99.2
2
BankonBanking's picture
BankonBanking
99.0
3
Secyh62's picture
Secyh62
99.0
4
kanon's picture
kanon
99.0
5
dosk17's picture
dosk17
98.9
6
GameTheory's picture
GameTheory
98.9
7
Betsy Massar's picture
Betsy Massar
98.9
8
DrApeman's picture
DrApeman
98.9
9
CompBanker's picture
CompBanker
98.9
10
Mimbs's picture
Mimbs
98.8
success
From 10 rejections to 1 dream investment banking internship

“... I believe it was the single biggest reason why I ended up with an offer...”