Why these two bonds trade differently ?

Hello everyone,

I am a student trying to start in capstack arbitrage (and it's not going well lol). I have been looking at a company's capital structure and I spotted two bonds, one senior to another, trading at very different prices. Here are their characteristics:

  • Unsecured Bond maturing 2028: Price 71, Coupon 0,25%, Yield 11,44
  • Unsecured Bond maturing 2029: Price 86, coupon 9,75%, Yield 14,72

Both prices are clean prices so the accrued coupon is not accounted for. 

  1. Assuming no covenant difference, why is there a 15pts difference between the two bonds? If there are liquidity concerns, wouldn't the time subordinated bond trade at a lower price ?
  2. I know one bond was issued in Covid (2020) so a zero-rate environment and hence at the current high rates, the price will fall, while the second bond was issued in 2024. But shouldn't the bond trading at 71 appreciate by now (if no liquidity/refinancing risk)? Is there any arbitrage here ? (Not like I think I am smarter than the market, I am just asking)

Thank you very much 

19 Comments
 

one is likely leftover from low-rate days (tiny coupon, matures 2028) giving it more convexity, and the other was issued more recently in a high-rate environment (bigger coupon, matures 2029). The older, super-low-coupon bond trades cheaper but is shorter and more sensitive to interest rates, while the newer bond has to offer a juicier yield because it extends a year longer, carries more call and credit risk, and was born under tighter conditions. Basically, that’s why there’s a big price gap - no free lunch, just different risks and coupons changing the risk:return profile

 
Most Helpful

So a few things:

  1. Do you know bond math? Yield 11.44% vs. 14.72% should be what you're looking at (not the price because bonds are basically arbitrage free on the rates side). Price has to adjust to compensate (go down) for the low coupon as general market for interest rates moves higher.
    1. If there is a Call, then these bonds may trade shorter (and check if there's a call premium / make whole); it's unlikely they'd be called if they're trading below par though.
  2. You need to look at the benchmark treasury bond for each (3 year and 4 year) to find the credit spread which tells you how much the market is valuing the default probability (simple way is Default probability =  (Spread/(1 - Recovery)); you can assume 'recovery' is 40% to get the default probability for market standard.
  3. Then you do your fundamental credit analysis to understand the Recovery assumption (is it ACTUALLY 40% or is it different?) (Look at liquidation scenarios for the business, where the comps trade on an EV basis, Debt/Value Basis, run a DCF with some scenarios if you liquidate the entire cap stack etc)
  4. Finally look for any catalysts the market is thinking about (maybe they don't default, maybe they will amend & extend / restructure debt); who owns the equity? Is it PE (and they have fingers in the debt), or is it broadly owned? Is there going to be a credit downgrade (forcing insurance holders to automatically sell?) etc - timing piece is essential in fixed income due to it all being yield based (i.e. I don't care if there's a high chance of default in 4 years if I get my money back in 3. I do care if my 3 year bond gets extended without adequate penalty interest to 5 or 10 years because the company has Ch 11 as a 'stick' or they can play inter-creditor games with me (like provide an exchange offer to other debt holders to prime me etc.) 
 

Assuming this is a distressed/stressed issuer, the most obvious reasons are the lower price (more principal protection) and nearer-term maturity (temporal seniority). Think of it this way: the more uncertain it is that an issuer can pay off its debt, the more you'd rather own the lower price, nearer-term maturities (maybe they have enough liquidity or levers to get through the first but not the second).

Current yield will also play a role as the 29 bonds are higher coupon so if you think a default happens in x years you are lowering your basis by collecting 9+pts excess per year. i.e. if a default happens in 3 years when those 28s mature, you've effectively paid only ~56c for the 29s.

 

You could've just said this was Eutelsat. 

Anyway, this is just bond math. The issuer has a normal yield curve (upward sloping). 

The reason for the low dollar price on the 2028 bond is due to the low coupon. Since you don't really get much return from the coupon (its actually 1.25%) your return needs to come from the par discount, in this case, the 71 trading price. As the bond nears maturity the price will trade up as you will amortize the discount over time. 

As someone else has said, you shouldn't really be focused on prices, but yield. The 2028 bond yields less than the 2029 (11% vs 14%), which you would expect given it is a nearer dated maturity. 

If the issuer fell into distress and restructured, which is possible, then the bond price between the two issues would converge as, assuming they are truly pari passu, they would have the same recovery price.

 

Just saw the thread. Would you mind PMing me, I have a thesis on this company that I wrote last week and I want your input if you don’t mind. Thank you !

 

Can you please explain the bond math piece and how the return for the 2028 bond comes from the discounted price? So as it nears maturity the price of bond goes to FV?

 

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