How does IPO and secondary stock offering works?

I would state the way how IPO works the way I know it. For example, if a private company is worth $1 billion and it has 10 owners ( the founder, venture capitals, partners) that each own 10% of the stakes in the company, which mean each of them own $100 mil in the company. Thus, when the company wishes to raise a total capital of $200 mil via IPO, which of the below situation is true? or both of them are true?

1) Each of the owners would sacrifice $20 mil of their stakes in the company just to raise $200 mil in the IPO.

2) Let's say after the IPO, the shares of the stocks would distributed into 100 millions shares, with $10 each, making a valuation of $1 billion. In order to raise the extra $200 mil, the company's banker would suggest it to offer another $200 mil shares at $1 dollar each, increasing the market capitalization of the company but depleting the shareholding of the current owners.

If I was right, then how does secondary offering works? Is the company just take the shares that are authorized but not yet issued and sell it to investors? If so, how does it affect the shareholding of the 10 owners? I would appreciate your answers because I've been researching on Google and can't find a simple answer.

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Best Response

Your example 2 is right for IPO - you issue new shares in addition to the outstanding shares, thus diluting the existing ownership.

Secondary offerings are more like example 1. It does not need to be pro rata though, so it could be two guys selling all of their shares or any number of the existing owners selling any % of shares up to $200mm

 

You have to work like everybody else and you should be working somewhere that has put in money for the research. No reason to not have hundreds of people to call everyday.

 

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