Q&A: HF Analyst

Have watched this site for a long time. Taken a lot of value out of it. Hoping to give back now. I'm at a sector-specific fund. Had a pretty non-traditional route to public equities: went from MBA to banking/consulting and then to a HF. Don't want to discuss the recruiting process aside from if you try really really hard to network your probability of success increases. That non-traditional route leaves me not knowing a lot - for example, reading a few posts in the HF forum here seems to imply MMs play quarterly earnings but SMs don't because they're long-term focused. Is that true? News to me.But I have come to know a few things in my now 3rd year in this role. And I'm hoping this AMA can help

I won't discuss recruiting, compensation, or my background beyond what's above. imo thinking "i have a background just like him" and that giving you some sort of confidence that you'll get a HF job is not helpful. Comp is discussed in the 2022 comp thread. And recruiting is discussed widely enough that I don't see value add there - you make a stock pitch, you see whether you jive with the other analysts and PM, you receive an offer / you don't. Pretty simple.

Happy to discuss any other topics that may be helpful. Unlike the Tiger Cub AMA, I will check in and actually answer questions. I've posted a non-earnings season day to day summary below, which seems to be a popular topic for some.

6am:

Wake up, stretch and light workout in living room, on the desk by 7am

7am:

Read WSJ, check major movers pre-market, clear out inbox with overnight sellside and subscription newsletter emails - the purpose of these items is to get a pulse on what people are talking about while thinking the entire time: Does this change my thesis on the topic (assuming I have one) or am I going to forget this an hour from now. If I'm going to forget this an hour from now, why am I reading it.

Pre-market open:

Team meeting to discuss news for the day

~930am-4pm:

Work on a new pitch idea, get tired of reading filings so go back to reading interesting news about an existing name (eg, article on The Verge, some longer writings from sellside, survey results from GS sellside, etc.), go back to working on new pitch idea. The new pitch idea in my mind is a pretty raw process. I just read everything that's public (filings, earnings/conference transcripts, sellside) and try to discern the difference between what I know, what the market thinks, and what sellside is pushing, and see whether there's any light between those value markers.

I'm probably not going to explain it well but if the market thinks this is the greatest company ever as illustrated by its multiple and sellside has some 50% 1-yr average upside price target, you could think: well is this just a forever-high multiple business and I should just jump on? Will it normalize whether from higher rates, decelerating post-COVID fundamental drivers, etc. All of this to say: What will make the stock go up or down and what's my view on those things that could make the stock go up or down.

In addition to learning about a name (filings, news, convos w IR, etc.), the model building part really only takes 2-3 days. Maybe I'm just bad at modeling but you really only need revenue to FCF, chance in cash balance, and assume no debt paydown so hold the balance sheet constant and let the cash accumulate. Building out these working capital inputs like AR days, or having all the tranches of debt laid out like you're building some LBO for a pitch in banking may be helpful - but if it is I don't know what it's helping.

Post-market close:

Team meeting to discuss what happened today

Night:

Shifting from online to offline and back again is pretty random but largely I use the night time to get catchup on readings. Most brain energy is used up during the day so I try to avoid heavy lifting at night.

During earnings season, the above is different in that my 930-4pm window is spent updating quarterly models from filings to check whether growth for this year and next are on track with my thesis and then reading mgmt commentary to understand what they're saying, checking myself to see whether I believe what they're saying, then making some conclusion on where the company is versus 24 hours before when I didn't know this new information.

I think the key in my seat is:

What is your view. You need to have a view. Even if you lack confidence in that view, having a view I have found to be the most important part of this job. Make fun of the talking heads on Bloomberg or CNBC but at least they have a view, even if it's a copy paste from some MS report. You'll get on these calls with management and hear other investors' questions and think: "Have these guys read any of the company's filings? What are they talking about?" or "They are rephrasing sellside's thesis. This is not helpful." -

Perhaps sellside is right, and it's okay to have a view that's equivalent to sellside. But I'd recommend not reading sellside prior to looking at a new stock. It'll skew your judgment and have you rely on oft-erroneous logic/data/bias. But I haven't been at this game too long, so I may still be in middle school while others here are in college.

Hit me with some questions. Here to help.

 

Reading this was very helpful, thanks.

Can you dive deeper on how you start to put numbers to drivers of value/price targets? You mention for example "decelerating post-COVID fundamental drivers." Can you give an example of how you would begin to form a view on one of these drivers and whether the market has the wrong/right view? Hope I'm being clear, sorry if not.

 

Great user name lol.

One example: hypothetically, a company saw average revenue per customer of $10 historically and it went to $15 during Covid. What will the ARPU be post COVID? Why? You could just make bear base bull cases of $11 $14 $17. See what that implies for yoY revenue growth, look at the corresponding valuation metrics for those kinds of growers, then figure out an implied multiple to use to arrive at your target price.

Another example: some big budget IT product with a really long sales cycle sells a moderate amount in 2020 then has a monster Q1 21. Is that monster revenue from pent up 2020 demand because customers now feel comfortable spending with better line of sight to a post Covid world? Does this mean it’s a one time great quarter? Or is the monster growth sustainable and we are in a new demand regime for that end market? Spread the same bear base bull cases as above.

Sorry if too high level. Trying to avoid specific companies so as to maintain anonymity. But lmk any follow ups

 

It's quite random. Sometimes I read funny stuff on Twitter and look up a ticker. Some folks check 13Fs of popular funds to steal stock ideas. Other times it's a sellside price target that's just so above or below current prices you gotta spend an hour investigating. Generally I'd say you have a view on a sector (observability software, consumer lending, latam ecommerce) and then you dial in from there. How you get the sector view I think of as what you're already fluent in - did you do latam banking? MS menlo? Combined with what you enjoy reading in your free time - do you like self driving cars? Can't get enough of data centers and 5G towers?

 

Some folks check 13Fs of popular funds to steal stock ideas. 

How to PM / senior analysts perceive this method of idea generation when you bring it to them after investigation and validating it? 

It's a pretty common sense method I guess, but ideally you would want to be the one generating the idea organically and having other funds following you. 

 

Can you compare your banking experience to your current experience? Would defer to you on most notable things, but for example, I’ve heard that at HFs you might not stay up to 1am but when you are online from 7am to 7pm you are 100% focused and not getting random 20 min breaks to go on a walk or Facetime a friend while waiting for comments — have you found comparable experiences like that?

 

I only have a few friends in public equities and we're all at long shorts. The common thread is we all seem to be "entrepreneurs" in that no one really cares what we do all day so long as we generate ideas that make $$$. There is some bit of desk/online "facetime" but if I'm on youtube and someone comes to my desk, i don't switch tabs to hide it. that was not the case in banking where facetime/perception mattered much more. so you have largely way more control over your schedule because there's no one checking your work and it's just all about the final pitch output. i'm sure PMs have different management styles but mine does not micro manage and largely leaves me off to wander and come up with ideas on my own. it's a bit daunting with how much autonomy we have but also fun because you can go look at whatever you want so long as it's in our sector vertical. but assuming i'm the outlier for a second, even if we were very output driven (you have one week, give me a pitch), I'd imagine you would still be able to go at your own pace because, again, there's not 3 layers of assoc/vp/director/md/corp dev manager at client checking your work. the lack of iterations and few people caring about xls/doc/ppt formatting leaves you significant time to just focus on reading, learning, and outputting in whatever format you want. so maybe the takeaways are: figure out check-in cadence with your boss when at a HF, and then understand if they have templated output (all pitches need to look like this) or if you're just free to form the end product as you wish. both of those variables will impact your daily time spent.

 

Three Q's on modeling: 

1) Hardcoding estimates using % of Sales/XYZ tends to feel somewhat unconvincing. Any tips to combat this? What is your bottom-up process for modelling the IS to FCF?

2) Are there any financial modeling resources you’ve found to be valuable? (Do you think sell-side models are good proxies to learn from?)

3) Depending on style: How do you think about modeling quarterly eps estimates and stress testing range of outcomes? 

 

Interested in these questions. How simple is your model? You just do a back of the envelope and flex a few KPIs?

What does your PM want to see before putting on risk? A simple model with some bullets ok? Or do they want a few page memo? More DD for bigger positions? 

 
Most Helpful

I usually have as detailed a build as possible for revenue. For example, site by site if it's physical locations, or product by product if that's available. Sellside models are good if it's a recent IPO name I think bc IR's model usually ties to sellside. But with each quarter further into future the 'assumptions' that sellside backs into aren't factual so it's difficult to rely on.

So I'd probably have 1-2 levels of depth on the volume side, flex the price side, and then spit out a range on revenue. On the revenue to FCF build, similar to what Joel Greenblatt talks about in his books, I'll try to have my own definition of FCF and build to that. Specifically going from EBIT to FCF and ensuring all the recurring, non-one-time things are included is key and very subjective. There's also the debate of pre vs. post SBC. I tend to do post and mark in my 'red flag' column whenever a company has significant higher SBC as % of sales or G&A than industry peers.

The modeling resources I used were the usual suspects - TTS and macabacus being most helpful.

Hardcoding the SG&A % of sales to your point isn't ideal. But I think what's more important is thinking through the range for your scenarios. Could GM go from 78% to 81% in the next two years? Could SG&A go from 15% to 12%? The only real references are history, what peers at similar growth stages have done, and mgmt commentary. But I think getting the % right is less relevant than getting the range of outcomes as narrow as possible. Solve for narrowness not precision is how I've grown to think about it. But also acknowledge I'm new at this.

My team doesn't play earnings so we're less focused on decimals of eps. But I will say I'm increasingly finding quarterly modeling to be much more valuable than this current year quarterly then annual thereafter. Instead I'll do three years of quarterlies because it'll make me think about seasonality and if I'm doing revenue by product on a quarterly basis I'll see: OK, they've added $1.4M historically QoQ for this product. Can they do that again this quarter? They're ramping up sales offices in Latam. OK, let me check if it's a quantum difference in headcount - Careers website and LinkedIn Jobs board say yes they're hiring lots - OK I think maybe that $1.4M could become $1.7M given more headcount ads and continued demand from the market (TAM growth). This is definitely a new development for me as I've grown into this role but this idea of quarterly range of outputs are increasingly helpful for me at least. Hopefully that addresses your #3.

Jay - I'd say my model is quite simple. I spread comps, spread KPIs, and do the revenue to FCF as written about previously. But I'd say I spend a lot of time staring at the screen and thinking critically: Can this company actually accelerate revenue from $1.4M to $1.8M and why? Is it new customers from sales team headcount adds or more sales from existing customers because they're underpenetrated. so I'll strip out that granularity as low as possible based on the decision making of mgmt as communicated on earnings calls and conference interviews.

PM basically wants to see all of the above and why I'm sure about that $1.8M figure, assuming that's a main river of valuation. For example, if it's an EV/EBITDA business I'll focus much more on margins while if it's some tech EV/S name I'll just worry about that $1.4M to $1.8M progression and then unit economics on incremental revenue added relative to ramping of S&M spend. Alex Clayton at Meritech's IPO breakdowns aren't very deep but they're a good high-level way to view companies in this regard for unit economics. Additionally - knowing your conviction level is another variable to consider and I think what PMs try to consider. Are you excited about this pitch because you want to be right or are you excited because it's actually true that the company is under/overvalued. I think most good PMs try to sniff out that difference.

 

Are u a senior analyst ? If u are then can u move up to an equity owning partner position at your fund? Or do u stay at this senior analyst position until u can go start your own fund? I guess what I'm really asking is how does progression work?

989o989o99oiiooo9999kok999kk999koo9o9o
 

A few others:

- How many names / sectors do you cover? Of which, how many models do you maintain that you update regularly? 

- Can you talk about your experience with your PM pushing you through DD? Do they frequently crank you and apply pressure to get a lot of work done quickly?

- What are the dynamics like with your PM broadly? How would you describe the culture / environment of your fund? What made you sure it was a good fit?

 

Questions 2 and 3 I’ll pass on. Only relevant I think if you’re coming to work with me. Hope that’s ok.

I know the stories, meaning I’ve read the filings, for probably 25-35 names. I actively follow 15-20 of those, so in the event one of them goes down 20% I could quickly whip up a pitch on why we should or shouldn’t buy. Of the 15-20, I keep models for probably 10 of them. Of the 10, we have active positions in 7 of them. I’d caution these breakdowns though because I don’t know at all if this is the median or an outlier relative to other funds. I only really touch the model during earnings season or if we are thinking of increasing or reducing position size. The vast majority of my time is spent in filings or reading interview transcripts - trying to learn about the company’s story and financials.

 

On #2 and #3, its more for insight into the types of personalities you come across that could be your boss and how your firm operates relative to other ones. Perhaps you have a better or worse culture than others but ppl wouldnt know that unless they know more about your PM

Feel free to generalize across the different types of personalities and workstyles you have seen different PMs have (across firms) without articulating which one your specific PM is so ppl can get a sense of how you have seen this dynamic play out

And then I'll make this my last question for awhile to give more ppl space to ask :)

Thanks for sharing

 

1) When hitting the desk, what were the most difficult things to do well and how did you ramp on them quickly? Anything that can be learned ahead of time? 
2) You mentioned Greenblatt. Any other books, articles or material you would recommend?

 

Intern in AM - Equities

1) When hitting the desk, what were the most difficult things to do well and how did you ramp on them quickly? Anything that can be learned ahead of time? 

2) You mentioned Greenblatt. Any other books, articles or material you would recommend?

Having a view was probably the most difficult thing because it’s so easy to read news and just adopt that view. Read some GS equity strategy saying buy industrials and financials. Underweight tech and discretionary. And suddenly that’s what your view is. I think that’s just human nature. So getting away from that is important imo.

The modeling is quite straightforward if you’ve done banking analyst programs. I’ve heard shops like Melvin model quite a bit but that makes me wonder: what exactly is being modeled? Your granularity is largely limited to filings. Maybe you can go 1-2 levels deeper with some GLG call but beyond that I’ve never really understood when people say a fund is very “modeling heavy or has modeling monkeys hired from GS TMT”. That doesn’t make sense me but would enjoy any views of folks who may know the answer to that.

Other resources I’d suggest:

Yen Liow talks on YouTube

Columbia business school stock pitch competition with Ackman is quite interesting to hear the logic and questions judges ask. You can pick up patterns if you watch the past few years a few times.

Pabrai’s writings are interesting. Pretty similar to Klarman’s margin of safety concept imo but maybe others have different interpretations.

Then just reading about the long list of big famous bets. Soros on currencies. Ackman on Herbalife. Lampert on Sears real estate. Im sure theres many others im forgetting. But reading about why big trades worked and specifically delineating between how the investor saw something others didn’t and the investor just getting lucky I think helps for learning and pattern recognition.

 

Great! 

Any learnings that you've picked up in terms of presenting ideas? Be it verbal pitches or writing. 

Re Melvin: Read some comment that alluded to heavy modeling of alternative/sector/trend data to spot and anticipate inflection points before anyone else, so it's not just limited to 10-k/10-q drops. Similarly, I read Coatue has a decently sized data science crew to assist the fundamental research process. I don't know whether it's truly helpful or just good marketing for LPs, but it's interesting nonetheless. 

 

What are generally the valuation methods being used? Do analysts really use DCFs?

 

Thanks for doing this AMA!

My question: What gives HFs and other professionals an edge over retail traders in this current market? Is it a matter of access to information & data or more so that most retail traders lack the discipline, training / know-how of finding information / data / value drivers that would impact their investing decisions?

My thought is that regular Joes today are trading stocks and options based on what they see on forums or social media. I think there's an abundance on information accessible to the public, sometimes you have to know where to look and sometimes you just gotta pay that subscription fee.

 

Just out of curiosity, how big and lean is your fund (ball park)?

 

Thanks a lot for doing this. My questions:

1) any tips on reading 10k/transcripts/filings more efficiently/quickly? 

2) any tips on learning about the company's story more quickly? 

3) any tips on finding/focusing on useful information more quickly? Most reports/books contain too much useless information (to make them longer)

4) how do you stay focused or avoid information overflow?

 

pawg

Thanks a lot for doing this. My questions:

1) any tips on reading 10k/transcripts/filings more efficiently/quickly? 

2) any tips on learning about the company's story more quickly? 

3) any tips on finding/focusing on useful information more quickly? Most reports/books contain too much useless information (to make them longer)

4) how do you stay focused or avoid information overflow?

3 and 4 I have no advice on. I just read and read and read. Sometimes I remember it sometimes I don’t.

I read nearly every word of all filings because it helps me visualize the business in my head. Even something as simple as whether they own or lease their hq is interesting and I think helps understand how management thinks about running the business. Just my approach though so perhaps it’s wrong.

No advice on faster learning story. As I’ve gotten more reps throughout my career it just comes naturally as you structure the business in your head. So you ultimately figure out what works for you. Some friends start with financials. Others start with Risks. Others business overview. A poor answer but I do think more reps is the best answer.

 

Could you provide a more condensed book recommendation list? I ask because I feel like there are too many books to read, on top of the investor letters. And do you even care about "value investing" in the HF world? I get that you need to have a deep understanding of how to value business (valuation). But does reading "margin of safety" really add value to HF investing? 

 

VP in ERCould you provide a more condensed book recommendation list? I ask because I feel like there are too many books to read, on top of the investor letters. And do you even care about "value investing" in the HF world? I get that you need to have a deep understanding of how to value business (valuation). But does reading "margin of safety" really add value to HF investing? Value investing definitely seems to matter depending on the style of your PM. Most I've interviewed with will skew more growth or value expertise and their book will look accordingly.Shorter book list is honestly hard to write. Nothing comes to mind and my bookshelf is crowded. I just read everything folks recommend or cite. And if it seems boring I stop because I know I won't remember what I'm reading. Stuff like Klarman is helpful for mental models imo. I think the premise of your question suggests there's some short list of content somewhere that if you read you'll be a better investor. I don't think that's the case. I think you just read high volume and then whatever naturally you remember when a situation arises is where the application of the book comes out.

 

How’s the job security? I’ve heard periods of underperformance can be ruthless at some HFs. Asking from the perspective of a long only that rarely fires people for shorter term underperformance.

 

Job security is consistent with what you described. Could be one bad year and you’re out. But for most of the SMs I’ve interviewed with it seems more like 2-3 years to prove yourself because the SM likely only has a few analysts so wants to cultivate you and not just press reset if you shit the bed on 3 of your 7 core names

 

Thanks for doing this!

Like you, I did an MBA and now an IB Associate in M&A at a Top-5. Have found it very difficult to recruit for HFs and haven't got any replies on my networking outreach. 

Any tips / insight you can provide to HF recruiting as a post-MBA is immensely appreciated! Or if you're able to drop me a PM, that would be awesome. Thanks so much.  

 

Can’t say I consistently follow anyone. I definitely read 13Fs for all the funds mentioned in this forum, and take a quick look at top holdings that may have changed QoQ. Try to formulate in my head what their thesis may be. Then try to think if I have any knowledge on that subject matter and decide to move on or spend a week digging in.

I’m definitely trying to get better at learning who the big names / funds are. Similar to social media, I kinda just don’t care enough to fanboy. More just focused on seeing whether my bets are correct. I keep a monthly journal with notes on what I think we should buy / sell. Pretty fun to review at YE.

 

Thanks. Would use SBs as a guide, but for a newbie like me, the gems are:

  • Valuation approach: comps using a detailed EBITDA build with a reverse DCF for FCF growth as a sense check
  • Learning resources: eg CBS stock pitch comp and high profile trades
  • Day to day: eg # companies covered, intensity, hours, idea generation
  • Your company evaluation approach set out in the original post
 

Great Thread!  Some thoughts:

Lack of confidence/conviction means either the thesis itself or the supporting evidence is weak/not fully developed.  It can also be a timing issue, where the key driving events haven't fully occurred while monitoring for key signals.      

Not every name will be a super high conviction idea at the get-go, but the attempt to reach this state is in the process and the essence of the buy-side.

We have to try to execute the research in an attempt to reach this theoretical land of unicorns and rainbows of "absolute conviction", for the lack of a better term, while remaining within the boundary lines. 

Fun stuff when you're dead-on in calling stock moves.  Painful when wrong, but you're expected to make mistakes.  Learn and move on. 

It's exhilarating to see the masses so wrong in the basic thesis/logic of a name.  

There was one name, news broke out the night before trading and we read the outcome to the T a year before.  Literally couldn't sleep while watching social media self-implode on the negative news.  Can't get enough of this and makes the hard work so gratifying.  Repeat:  Can't get enough of this.

 

Sorry for reposting this. It was buried in the comments.

Can you elaborate on how the thoughts of the market affect your position or your pitch idea? For example, if the majority of the market expectations on an upcoming earning is higher than yours, should you just short the stock because if you are right, the earning will not hit the market expectation and the price will drop? 
 

Also how important is retail investors' sentiment nowadays? Do you check wallstreetbets? 
 

thanks

 

Anonymous Monkey

Sorry for reposting this. It was buried in the comments.

Can you elaborate on how the thoughts of the market affect your position or your pitch idea? For example, if the majority of the market expectations on an upcoming earning is higher than yours, should you just short the stock because if you are right, the earning will not hit the market expectation and the price will drop? 

 

Also how important is retail investors' sentiment nowadays? Do you check wallstreetbets? 

 

thanks

We are quite long term focused and don’t really play earnings, so I may not be best to answer this. But generally there may be a disconnect in the KPIs. For example consensus is underwriting store count growth of 10% with GM expansion driven by poultry prices. So you could have a different view on the company’s ability to secure property in Miami via GLG calls, or maybe you don’t think chicken prices will come down. So if the market is so focused on increasing menu prices and that protecting margins and not focusing on chicken prices, there’s a zigging and you’re zagging.

Long term I don’t think retail investor sentiment matters. Whether to pay cap gains taxes or buy another shitcoin, retail has proven transient so far i would argue. If a stock goes up 15% randomly because of some WSB post I think that’s a good time to sell because it’s an outlier event you can’t underwrite as sustainable so the multiple should normalize. I’m sure others have different views.

But the main thing here I think is this is all opinion. It’s my view. I’m confident there are others with the opposite view that find ways to make money.

 

Can you talk about your transition from IB from a mindset perspective, as well as practical (e.g., type of work done)?

Having no experience in public markets, they seem so fundamentally different to me that I have some trouble imagining the transition. For instance, my experience in IB has been:

  • Work timing / deadlines: transaction or process-driven. Don't set your own deadlines and generally eat shit from above. No real autonomy
  • Thinking: generally little, with more focus on delivering a good work product
  • Modeling: can be very detailed, millions of line items (most of which don't matter). A lot of junior focus is on making sure the behemoth of a model ties and flows correctly, and you plug in assumptions from mgt or the MD
  • Other than run-of-the-mill comps analyses and other basic shit (graphing sell-side PTs price charts), not much focus on the markets generally
  • WLB: none

Obviously a lot of transferable skills (excel modeling, understanding business models, articulating ideas, research, etc), but the expression of these skills seems so different. Just comparing the day-to-day of IB and even PE (constantly on calls, managing bs, iterating v69 of some random pres) is night and day with the example you had. 

Any accuracy to this, and if so, how did you manage?

 
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